Hydrocarbon synthesis methods, apparatus, and systems

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention include apparatus and systems for hydrocarbon synthesis and methods regarding the same. In an embodiment, the invention includes a process for creating a hydrocarbon product stream comprising reacting a reaction mixture in the presence of a catalyst inside of a reaction vessel to form a product mixture, the reaction mixture comprising a carbon source and water. The temperature inside the reaction vessel can be between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius and the pressure inside the reaction vessel can be above supercritical pressure for water. In an embodiment, the invention includes an extrusion reactor system for creating a hydrocarbon product stream. The temperature inside the extrusion reactor housing between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius. Pressure inside the reaction vessel can be above supercritical pressure for water. Other embodiments are also included herein.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/667,813, filed Jul. 3, 2012, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/680,360, filed Aug. 7, 2012 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/702,582, filed Sep. 18, 2012 the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to apparatus and systems for hydrocarbon synthesis and methods regarding the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many chemical building blocks and energy sources are derived from fossil carbon deposits that are extracted from the earth's crust in the form of crude petroleum, coal, or natural gas. These fossil carbon deposits range from materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios such as methane to those that are nearly pure carbon, such as certain types of coal. Fossil carbon sources are viewed as being non-renewable because it is estimated that such deposits take millions of year to form through slow anaerobic decomposition of buried organic matter in combination with exposure to heat and pressure.

World energy consumption is expanding at a rate of over 2% per year. In addition, the demand for products that are made from materials (including many types of polymers) derived from fossil carbon sources continues to increase at an accelerating pace. As such, while the total amount of fossil carbon deposits continues to change as new deposits are discovered, the amount remaining for further exploitation (whether currently known or unknown) necessarily decreases at an accelerating pace.

In addition, most uses of fossil carbon sources lead to a net increase in the amount of carbon in the atmosphere (usually in the form of carbon dioxide) because the cycle starts with carbon that is safely sequestered in the earth's crust and ends with carbon in the atmosphere. This is significant because carbon dioxide has been identified as a key contributor to global warming.

In addition, fossil carbon sources are not evenly distributed within the earth's crust. Some geographic areas are relatively rich in fossil carbon sources while others are relatively poor in fossil carbon sources. In some cases, certain areas may have a substantial amount of one form of fossil carbon but be substantially deficient in other forms. This uneven distribution results in substantial geopolitical stress as countries that are deficient in such essential resources sometimes find that they are at the economic mercy of countries that are rich in such resources.

Utilizing carbon from renewable sources such as organic matter can reduce carbon emissions substantially on a net lifecycle basis because the carbon in emissions from the combustion of renewable carbon sources is from carbon that was previously already in the atmosphere and incorporated into organic materials, rather than being permanently sequestered in the earth's crust.

However, carbon from renewable sources generally does not exist in the same forms as fossil carbon sources and this creates issues. For example, the energy and chemical production infrastructure of most nations has been built up to use fossil carbon sources and cannot be easily changed over to rely on renewable sources. In addition, the same range of compounds found in fossil carbon sources is generally not observed in most renewable carbon sources.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention include apparatus and systems for hydrocarbon synthesis and methods regarding the same. In an embodiment, the invention includes a process for creating a hydrocarbon product stream comprising reacting a reaction mixture in the presence of a catalyst inside of a reaction vessel to form a product mixture, the reaction mixture comprising a carbon source and water. The temperature inside the reaction vessel can be between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius and the pressure inside the reaction vessel can be above supercritical pressure for water.

In an embodiment, the invention includes an extrusion reactor system for creating a hydrocarbon product stream. The extrusion reactor system can include an extrusion reactor housing comprising an input port and an output port; an extrusion screw disposed within the extrusion reactor housing; a temperature control system configured to maintain the temperature inside the extrusion reactor housing between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius; and a catalyst disposed within the extrusion reactor housing. Pressure inside the extrusion reactor system can be above supercritical pressure for water.

In an embodiment, the invention includes a reactor system for creating a hydrocarbon product stream. The reactor system can include a reactor housing comprising an input port and an output port; a temperature control system configured to maintain the temperature inside the extrusion reactor housing between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius; and a catalyst disposed within the reactor housing. The pressure inside the reaction vessel can be above supercritical pressure for water.

This summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and is not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details are found in the detailed description and appended claims. Other aspects will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part thereof, each of which is not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The invention may be more completely understood in connection with the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a reactor system in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an extrusion system in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an extraction system in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an open tube hydrocarbon production system.

FIG. 5 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products from the reaction of soybean oil over a titania catalyst at 530 degrees Celsius (Exp. No. 11).

FIG. 6 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products from the reaction of soybean oil over a titania catalyst at 530 degrees Celsius (Exp. No. 11).

FIG. 7 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products from the reaction of soybean oil over a zirconia catalyst at 525 degrees Celsius (Exp. No. 78).

FIG. 8 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products from the reaction of soybean oil over a zirconia catalyst at 525 degrees Celsius (Exp. No. 78).

FIG. 9 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products from the reaction of soybean oil with no catalyst at 515 degrees Celsius (Exp. No. 131).

FIG. 10 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products from the reaction of soybean oil with no catalyst at 515 degrees Celsius (Exp. No. 144).

FIG. 11 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum for diesel fuel.

FIG. 12 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum for diesel fuel.

FIG. 13 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products from the reaction of glycerol over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 14 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of glycerol over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 15 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum for aqueous phase products for the reaction of glycerol over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 16 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum for aqueous phase products for the reaction of glycerol over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 17 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of a high free fatty acid mixture over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 18 is an image of ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of a high free fatty acid mixture over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 19 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of oleic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 20 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of oleic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 21 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of hexadecane over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 22 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of hexadecane over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 23 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 24 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 25 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 26 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 27 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of oleic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 28 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic/stearic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 29 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic/stearic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 30 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic/stearic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 31 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 32 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

FIG. 33 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 515 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst.

FIG. 34 is an image of an ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 515 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst.

FIG. 35 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 550 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst.

FIG. 36 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 550 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst.

FIG. 37 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of a sample created from 10% glucose in water at 500° C. over zirconium dioxide.

FIG. 38 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of sample created from 10% glucose in water at 500° C. over zirconium dioxide.

FIG. 39 is an image of ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of sample created from cellulose and supercritical water at 450° C. over zirconium dioxide.

FIG. 40 is an image of GC-MS spectrum of sample created from supercritical water and soybean oil and with no catalyst at 500° C.

FIG. 41 is an image of ¹H-NMR spectrum sample created from supercritical water and soybean oil at 500° C.

FIG. 42 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of a sample created from 8.4% colloidal zirconia in water and soybean oil at 500° C.

FIG. 43 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of a sample created from 8.4% colloidal zirconia in water and soybean oil at 500° C.

FIG. 44 is a schematic view of a reactor system in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 45 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of a sample of products created from 9.7% colloidal zirconia in water and soybean oil at 515° C.

FIG. 46 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of a sample of products created from 9.7% colloidal zirconia in water and soybean oil at 515° C.

FIG. 47 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of a sample of products created from 9.7% colloidal zirconia in water and soybean oil at 550° C.

FIG. 48 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of a sample of products created from 9.7% colloidal zirconia in water and soybean oil at 550° C.

FIG. 49 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of a sample of products created from water and soybean oil with no catalyst at 550° C.

FIG. 50 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of a sample of products created from water and soybean oil with no catalyst at 550° C.

FIG. 51 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of a sample of products created from 9.7% colloidal zirconia in water and algae oil at 550° C.

FIG. 52 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of a sample of products created from 9.7% colloidal zirconia in water and algae oil at 550° C.

FIG. 53 is a schematic view of a continuous biofuel production process.

FIG. 54 is a GC-MS spectrum for products obtained at 515° C.

FIG. 55 is a GC-MS spectrum for products obtained at 515° C.

FIG. 56 is a ¹H-NMR spectrum.

FIG. 57 is a ¹H-NMR spectrum for the products obtained from the reaction of zirconia colloids, aspen wood and water at 500° C.

FIG. 58 is a GC-MS spectrum.

FIG. 59 is a GC-MS spectrum.

FIG. 60 is a GC-MS spectrum.

FIG. 61 is a ¹H-NMR spectrum.

FIG. 62 is a GC-MS spectrum.

FIG. 63 is a ¹H-NMR spectrum.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example and drawings, and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The embodiments of the present invention described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art can appreciate and understand the principles and practices of the present invention.

All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference. The publications and patents disclosed herein are provided solely for their disclosure. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate any publication and/or patent, including any publication and/or patent cited herein.

Embodiments herein can be used to convert renewable carbon sources into forms similar to non-renewable carbon sources. By way of example, embodiments herein can be used to convert renewable carbon sources into fossil fuel equivalents for engines, including external combustion engines and internal combustion engines (including both intermittent and continuous combustion engines). As a specific example, embodiments herein can be used to produce fuel for two-stroke engines, four-stroke engines, compression-ignition engines, gas turbine engines, and jet engines.

In addition, embodiments herein can be used to convert renewable carbon sources into hydrocarbon compounds useful as chemical building blocks. By way of example, embodiments herein can be used to convert renewable carbon sources into bio-petroleum compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, olefins, aromatics and combinations of these.

In addition, embodiments herein can be used to convert a one form of a non-renewable carbon material into a different form of non-renewable carbon material. By way of example, embodiments herein can be used to convert various types of coal into other forms of hydrocarbon such as products that are equivalent to petroleum, the various materials that can be derived there from, and/or fractions of petroleum.

Embodiments herein can be used to perform various reactions. Reaction can include, but are not limited to, those illustrated in reaction diagrams (I), (II), and (III) below (wherein (I) illustrates the reaction of a triglyceride, (II) illustrates the reaction of a carboxylic acid, and (III) illustrates the reaction of cellulose):

It will be appreciated, however, that reactions here are not limited to these starting materials (provided by way of example) and can include a wide variety of feedstock materials. Other specific bioorganic starting materials can include, but are not limited to, proteins, amino acids, alcohols, nucleic acids, phospholipids, other lipids, saccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, lignin, chitin, and the like.

The products of reactions herein can include alkanes, alkenes, ketones, aromatics, polyaromatics, and various gases. Alkanes formed in various embodiments herein can include, but are not limited to, methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, dodecane, and tridecane. Alkenes formed in various embodiments herein can include, but are not limited to, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-heptene, 2-octene, 1-nonene, 4-decene, 5-undecene, 1-hexadecene. Ketones formed in various embodiments herein can include, but are not limited to, 3-octanone, 3-nonanone, 2-decanone, 2-heptadecanone, 2-heptadecanone, 3-octadecanone, 2-nonadecanone, 5-tridecanone, and 6-undecanone. Aromatics formed in various embodiments herein can include, but are not limited to, benzene, toluene, and xylene. Gases formed in various embodiments herein can include, but are not limited to, H₂, CO, and CO₂.

In some embodiments, the product mixture of reactions herein includes at least about 0-40% ketones. In some embodiments, the product mixture includes at least about 1-40% ketones. In some embodiments, the product mixture includes greater than 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% ketones. In some embodiments, the product mixture includes at least about 20% aromatics (by chromatographic peak normalization method). In some embodiments, the product mixture includes at least about 30% aromatics. In some embodiments, the product mixture includes greater than 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% aromatics.

The embodiments herein are quite distinct from other chemical processes. By way of example, pyrolysis is a process of converting organic materials into other forms. The key feature of pyrolysis is the removal of oxygen from the system to circumvent combustion. As such, normal pyrolysis is usually performed in a nitrogen atmosphere under very high temperatures. Vacuum pyrolysis is performed in a similar manner to normal pyrolysis, except the inert atmospheres is achieved by removal of pressure from the system. Typically, pyrolysis product streams are characterized by an aqueous phase, a bio-oil phase and a gaseous stream (often referred to as non-condensables). The bio-oil liquid phase is typically composed of acidic compounds, oxygenates, and phenols. Most bio-oils require a second processing step to make them useful as fuels because of their inherent instability. Hydrogenation (often called hydrodeoxygenation) is usually the preferred method of upgrading. The other methods commonly used are gasification of the bio-oil through cracking or steam reforming and emulsification with a petroleum fuel.

Pyrolysis is often performed to effect the total gasification of a substrate. That gas stream is then separated into hydrocarbon components and syn-gas components. The syn-gas stream can then be processed by methods such as Fischer-Tropsch chemistry to yield hydrocarbons.

In general, water is viewed as problematic to pyrolysis. It increases the amount of energy required to heat the feedstock to the appropriate temperatures. As such, most biomass inputs are subjected to drying before entering a pyrolysis reactor.

Embodiments herein differ substantially from pyrolysis in many regards. Embodiments herein can use water as both a solvent and reactant. Further, the pressures of many embodiments herein are much higher and the temperatures are generally low for pyrolytic techniques. In addition, the product stream obtained herein when using triglyceride based oils is deoxygenating, which is not consistent with a pyrolysis process. For these and other reasons, embodiments herein are substantially different than pyrolysis.

Another process referred to as steam reforming is characterized by total gasification of biomass in the presence of superheated water (700-1000 degrees Celsius), but under normal pressures (3-25 bar). Steam reforming is typically used to produce hydrogen gas from methane. With the proper temperatures and catalyst, methane is converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas in the presence of water. Furthermore, the carbon monoxide equivalent produced undergoes a water-gas shift to produce a third equivalent of hydrogen. The vast majority of hydrogen gas in the US is produced by reforming of methane.

Embodiments herein differ substantially from steam reforming techniques in terms of temperatures, pressure, residence times, and product mixtures obtained.

Hydrothermal cracking is another process for the treatment of oil, biomass and crude petroleum mixtures. It is characterized by a reaction of the incoming feedstock stream with hydrogen gas. Reactions are conducted under moderate to high pressure (14-4000 psi) and at a range of temperatures (100-500 degrees Celsius). There are a variety of catalysts that effect this transformation. In general this results in the reduction of most functional groups in the mixtures and results in the production of mostly saturated hydrocarbon constituents. In terms of biomass related materials this process may also be called hydrodeoxygenation. This process is responsible for the removal of sulfur and nitrogen as well in the form of H₂S and ammonia, respectively. Partial cracking versus total cracking can be identified by cracking pressure. The higher the pressure the more aggressive the reduction is, i.e. reducing aromatics to cycloalkanes.

However, embodiments herein differ substantially from hydrothermal cracking at least in the lack of hydrogen as a co-reactant and the addition of water.

Catalytic cracking processes include fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) or thermal cracking. Typically, feedstock streams are petroleum based long chain hydrocarbons. The FCC system passes a hot mixture over a much hotter bed of catalyst (700-1000 degrees Celsius) resulting it fragmentation of the larger molecules to give an array of lighter compounds—gasolines, naphthas, olefins. This is performed at or very near atmospheric pressures.

Embodiments herein differ substantially from catalytic cracking in the use of higher pressures, lower temperatures, and the use of water as a co-reactant.

The properties of water change greatly with temperature and pressure. At sub-critical temperatures the Kw of water continues to increase making water a more aggressive amphoteric solvent. While the dielectric constant is decreasing as temps are increased, the solvating power of water at sub-critical temps is increased for polar molecules like celluloses. The increased Kw also allows water to act in acid/base capacities more aggressively. That is, hydrolytic rates increase greatly, as well as elimination reactions, condensations and other general acid/base catalyzed reactions. Supercritical water displays very different properties. As water nears its supercritical temperature the dielectric constant continues to decrease and Kw sees a very rapid drop as well. Above supercritical temperatures water behaves like a non-polar solvent. It becomes miscible with oils and hydrocarbons and many salts become completely insoluble.

The process of embodiments herein is unique in many ways including that it utilizes a very active catalyst that is capable of performing multiple reactions. Specifically, triglycerides are hydrolyzed, ketonized, and fragmented to hydrocarbons. Other processes do not directly hydrolyze triglycerides under supercritical water conditions and then simultaneously convert the hydrolyzed free fatty acids to petroleum stream products. Depending on the feedstock and its olefinic content, large amounts of aromatics can be formed by processes herein. In some embodiments, product steams can include at least about 10 aromatics.

Embodiments herein can achieve both sub-critical hydrolysis and reaction of the resulting fatty acids with a specific decarboxylation or ketonization catalyst in a single step with a regenerable catalyst. Significantly, for the subsequent chemistries taking place beyond hydrolysis the removal of water is unnecessary. While not intending to be bound by theory, in some embodiments water can be pivotal for some of the chemistries occurring beyond hydrolysis.

Embodiments herein can include specific and selective chemical transformations (hydrolysis to FFAs, FFAs to ketones). As such, this stands in contrast to random bond breakage due to thermal autodecomposition (cracking).

Methods and Reaction Conditions

Applicants have discovered that the reaction can fail to result in some desirable products if the temperature is not sufficiently high. In some embodiments, the temperature is greater than the critical temperature for water. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at about 374° Celsius or hotter. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at about 400° Celsius or hotter. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at about 450° Celsius or higher. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at about 500° Celsius or higher. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at about 515° Celsius or higher. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at about 530° Celsius or higher. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at about 540° Celsius or higher.

If the temperature is too high, the reaction products will simply decompose with random bond breaking as a result of thermal decomposition. In some embodiments, if the temperature is too high the mix of product might shift to a less desirable mixture. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of less than about 650° Celsius. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of less than about 600° Celsius. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of less than about 580° Celsius. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of less than about 560° Celsius.

In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out between about 400° Celsius and about 650° Celsius. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out between about 450° Celsius and about 600° Celsius. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out between about 500° Celsius and about 600° Celsius. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out between about 500° Celsius and about 550° Celsius. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out between about 510° Celsius and about 540° Celsius.

In an embodiment, the pressure is greater than about 500 psi. In an embodiment, the pressure is greater than about 800 psi. In an embodiment, the pressure is greater than about 1000 psi. In an embodiment, the pressure is greater than about 1500 psi. In an embodiment, the pressure is greater than about 2000 psi. In an embodiment, the pressure is greater than about 3000 psi. In an embodiment, the pressure is greater than about 3000 psi. In an embodiment, the pressure is greater than about 4000 psi. In some embodiments, the pressure is between about 1500 psi and about 5000 psi. In some embodiments, the pressure during the reaction is greater than the critical pressure of water (221.2 bar or 3205 psi).

In an embodiment, the contact time is between about 0.1 seconds and 2 hours. In an embodiment, the contact time is between about 1 second and 20 minutes. In an embodiment, the contact time is between about 2 seconds and 1 minute.

Reactor Systems

Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic view of a basic reactor is presented in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, a feedstock, such as a biomass feedstock is held in a first feedstock tank 102 or bin. Various examples of biomass feedstocks are described in greater detail below. However, it will be appreciated that the scope of biomass feedstocks contemplated for use herein is quite broad and therefore the listing is being provided only by way of non-limiting example. A co-reactant, such as water, is held in a second feedstock tank 106. One or both of the feedstock tanks can be continuously sparged with an inert gas such as nitrogen to remove dissolved oxygen from the respective feedstock. While this embodiment of a reactor setup includes two separate feedstock tanks, it will be appreciated that in some embodiments only a single feedstock tank can be used and the reactants can be combined together within the single feedstock tank.

The feedstocks then pass from the first feedstock tank 102 and second feedstock tank 106 through pumps 104 and 108, respectively, before being combined and passing through a heat exchanger (not shown) where the feedstocks absorb heat from downstream products. The mixture then passes through a shutoff valve 110 and, optionally, a filter (not shown). The feedstock mixture then passes through a preheater 112 and through a reactor 114 where the feedstock mixture is converted into a product mixture. The reactor can include a catalyst, such as in the various forms described herein. In some embodiments, the catalyst is in the form of a particulate and it is packed within the reactor. In some embodiments, however, the catalyst can be mixed in with the feedstock and then passed into a reaction chamber that does not include a packed catalyst.

The reaction product mixture can pass through the heat exchanger (not shown) in order to transfer heat from the effluent reaction product stream to the feedstock streams. In some embodiments, the reaction product mixture can pass through a cooling coil 116. The liquid reaction product mixture can also pass through a backpressure regulator 118 before passing on to a liquid reaction product storage tank 120.

It will be appreciated that various other processes can be performed on the product mixture. By way of example, a lipid phase can be separated from a phase that includes a product mixture. In some embodiments, various products can be separated from one another using distillation techniques. In some embodiments, the reaction products can be isolated from one another and then subjected to further reaction steps.

In some embodiments, the carbon feedstock can be subjected to an extrusion process. Referring now to FIG. 2, a schematic diagram is shown of an extrusion reactor 200 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The reactor 200 includes an extrusion reactor housing 206 defining an input port 216 and an output port 218. A hopper 204 is configured to hold a feedstock and deliver it into the reactor housing 206 through the input port 216. The feedstock is conveyed and mixed by an extrusion screw 208. The extrusion screw 208 or auger is rotated by a motor 202.

Various additives can be inserted into the reactor housing 206. For example, additives can be stored in an additive tank 210 and then injected into the reactor housing 206 through an additive injection port 212. Additives can include catalysts, water, surfactants, acids or bases, carrier compounds, or the like. In some embodiments, the additives can simply be mixed with the feedstock before entering the input port 216 such as when in the hopper 204 or prior to entering the hopper 204.

In some embodiments, a temperature control system (including, for example, heating element 220 and controller 222) can be disposed along the reactor housing 206 in order to maintain the interior of the reactor housing at a given temperature. In some embodiments, a preheater (not shown) can be disposed along the hopper 204 in order to heat the feedstock to a desired temperature before it enters the reactor housing 206.

The reactor 200 is configured to allow the feedstock stream to interact with a catalyst. In some embodiments, a catalyst can be embedded in the walls of the reactor housing 206. In some embodiments, a catalyst can be embedded on the surfaces of the extrusion screw 208. In some embodiments, a particulate catalyst is added to the feedstock before entering the reactor housing 206 and, optionally, later recovered after passing through the reactor housing 206.

The extrusion screw 208 rotates and moves the feedstock through the reactor housing 206 toward the output port 218. Pressure and, as a result, temperature are increased as the feedstock is pushed on by the extrusion screw 208. The reaction product stream passes out of the reactor housing 206 and then through an extrusion die 214.

Though not shown in FIGS. 1-2, in some embodiments, feedstocks can be subjected to one or more preprocessing steps before being processed in a reactor. For example, a feedstock can be subject to mechanical processing in order to render the matter therein more suitable for reaction. In some embodiments, the feedstock may be mechanically processed to yield a relatively fine particulate feedstock. By way of example, mechanical processing can include operations of cutting, chopping, crushing, grinding, or the like. In some embodiments, other types of processing procedures can be performed such as the addition of water, or other additives, to the feedstock.

In some embodiments, a feedstock may be subjected to an extraction operation before contacting a catalyst. For example, a feedstock can be subjected to a supercritical fluid extraction operation. One example of a supercritical fluid extraction apparatus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,941, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference. Referring now to FIG. 3, an extraction system 300 is shown in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. At steady state conditions, the extraction vessel 305 is filled with a raw feedstock material that contains carbon source material. A supercritical fluid is fed to the first end 304 of the extraction vessel 305 and feedstock-containing supercritical fluid is withdrawn from the second end 306 of the extraction vessel 305. In an embodiment, the supercritical fluid is supercritical water. In an embodiment, the supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide. Raw feedstock material is periodically admitted through valve 301 into blow case 302. Valves 303 and 307 are simultaneously opened intermittently so as to charge the raw feedstock from blow case 302 to the second end of the extraction vessel 306 and discharge a portion of processed feedstock waste from the first end 304 of the extraction vessel 305 to blow case 308. Valves 303 and 307 are then closed. Valve 309 is then opened to discharge the processed feedstock waste from blow case 308. Additional raw feedstock is admitted through valve 301 into blow case 302 and the procedure is repeated. The extraction system 300 can be connected in series with a reactor. For example, the extraction system 300 can be connected in series with the reactor shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2.

In some embodiments, a reactor including staged temperatures can be utilized. For example, reactants can first be exposed to a particular temperature level for a period of time in the presence of a first catalyst, then can pass onto further reaction stages at a different temperature in the present of the same or a different catalyst. For example, the reactor can include one or more lower temperature reaction stages followed by a last reaction stage at between 500 degrees Celsius and 550 degrees Celsius. The lower temperature preliminary reaction stages can be at either supercritical or subcritical temperatures for water.

It will be appreciated that many other specific reactor configurations are within the scope described herein. By way of example, additional reactor configurations are shown in FIG. 44 and FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is one example of a reactor system that can be used in conjunction with embodiments herein. The reactor system can include a water reservoir in communication with one or more pumps. In some embodiments, a pressure gauge or sensor can be included in order to monitor pressure within the system. In some embodiments, the reactor system can include a reservoir for storing quantities of catalyst, such as a colloid reservoir. In various embodiments, the reactor system can also include a biomass reservoir. The catalyst and the biomass can be carried to a reaction chamber, such as an open tube reactor. In some embodiments, the materials can pass through a preheater before reaching the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber can include a heater in order to maintain the temperature therein at a desired temperature. After passing through the reaction chamber, reaction products can pass through a cooling bath and a back pressure regulator. It will be appreciated that the reactor system in FIG. 4 is provided by way of example only and in accordance with various embodiments herein reactor systems may not include all of the components described with respect to FIG. 4. In addition, in some embodiments, reactors systems can include additional components beyond what is described with respect to FIG. 4.

Catalysts

Catalysts herein can include those exhibiting sufficient stability in the presence of supercritical water. Catalysts herein can include metals, metal oxides, ceramics, and the like. Catalysts used with embodiments of the invention can include metal oxides with surfaces including Lewis acid sites, Bronsted base sites, and Bronsted acid sites. By definition, a Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor. A Bronsted base is a proton acceptor and a Bronsted acid is a proton donor.

Catalysts of embodiments herein can specifically include zirconia, titania, hafnia, yttria, tungsten (VI) oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, nickel, copper oxide, niobium oxide, cobalt oxide, carbon, carbon/nickel, carbon/platinum. In some embodiments catalysts can include alumina, iron oxide, metal salts, insoluble metal salts, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal alloys, metal complexes, and metal ion complexes. Metals of these can include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals and poor metals. In some embodiments, the metal can include one or more of group IA, IIA, IIB, IVB, VB, VIIB, VIIB, VIIIB, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA metals. In some embodiments, the catalyst can include one or more of CuO, KH₂PO₄, Nb₂O₅, Y₂O₃, ZnO, MgCO₃, K₂CO₃, Fe₂O₃, CoO₂. In some embodiments, the catalyst can consist essentially of one or more of any of the materials described herein.

Catalysts of embodiments herein can also include silica clad with any of the foregoing catalyst materials, such as a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of zirconia, titania, hafnia, yttria, tungsten (VI) oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, nickel, copper oxide, niobium oxide, cobalt oxide, carbon carbon/nickel, carbon/platinum.

In some embodiments, the catalyst can be of a single metal oxide type. By way of example, in some embodiments, the catalyst is substantially pure zirconia. By way of example, in some embodiments, the catalyst is substantially pure titania. By way of example, in some embodiments, the catalyst is substantially pure hafnia. By way of example, in some embodiments, the catalyst is substantially pure yttria. By way of example, in some embodiments, the catalyst is substantially pure tungsten (VI) oxide. By way of example, in some embodiments, the catalyst is substantially pure manganese oxide. By way of example, in some embodiments, the catalyst is substantially pure nickel oxide.

Catalysts of embodiments herein can also include mixtures of materials, such as mixtures of materials including zirconia, titania, hafnia, yttria, tungsten (VI) oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, nickel, carbon, carbon/nickel, and carbon/platinum.

Catalysts of embodiments herein can include metal oxide particles clad with carbon. Carbon clad metal oxide particles can be made using various techniques such as the procedures described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,597; 5,254,262; 5,346,619; 5,271,833; and 5,182,016, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. Carbon cladding on metal oxide particles can render the surface of the particles more hydrophobic.

Catalysts of embodiments herein can be made in various ways. As one example, a colloidal dispersion of zirconium dioxide can be spray dried to produce aggregated zirconium dioxide particles. Colloidal dispersions of zirconium dioxide are commercially available from Nyacol Nano Technologies, Inc., Ashland, Mass. The average diameter of particles produced using a spray drying technique can be varied by changing the spray drying conditions. Examples of spray drying techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,138,336 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,597, the contents of both of which are herein incorporated by reference. It will be appreciated that other methods can also be used to create metal oxide particles. One example is an oil emulsion technique as described in Robichaud et al., Technical Note, “An Improved Oil Emulsion Synthesis Method for Large, Porous Zirconia Particles for Packed- or Fluidized-Bed Protein Chromatography,” Sep. Sci. Technol. 32, 2547-59 (1997). A second example is the formation of metal oxide particles by polymer induced colloidal aggregation as described in M. J. Annen, R. Kizhappali, P. W. Carr, and A. McCormick, “Development of Porous Zirconia Spheres by Polymerization-Induced Colloid Aggregation-Effect of Polymerization Rate,” J. Mater. Sci. 29, 6123-30 (1994). A polymer induced colloidal aggregation technique is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,834, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Metal oxide catalysts used in embodiments of the invention can be sintered by heating them in a furnace or other heating device at a relatively high temperature. In some embodiments, the metal oxide is sintered at a temperature of about 160° C. or greater. In some embodiments, the metal oxide is sintered at a temperature of about 400° C. or greater. In some embodiments, the metal oxide is sintered at a temperature of about 600° C. or greater. Sintering can be done for various amounts of time depending on the desired effect. Sintering can make metal oxide catalysts more durable. In some embodiments, the metal oxide is sintered for more than about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the metal oxide is sintered for more than about 3 hours. However, sintering also reduces the surface area. In some embodiments, the metal oxide is sintered for less than about 1 week.

In some embodiments, the catalyst is in the form of particles. Particles within a desired size range can be specifically selected for use as a catalyst. For example, particles can be sorted by size using techniques such as air classification, elutriation, settling fractionation, or mechanical screening. In some embodiments, the size of the particles is greater than about 0.2 μm. In some embodiments, the size range selected is from about 0.2 μm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the size range selected is from about 0.2 μm to about 5 mm. In some embodiments, the size range selected is from about 0.2 μm to about 1 mm. In some embodiments, the size range selected is from about 1 μm to about 100 μm. In some embodiments, the size range selected is from about 5 μm to about 15 μm. In some embodiments, the average size selected is about 10 μm. In some embodiments, the average size selected is about 5 μm.

In some embodiments, the catalyst can be a particulate in the nanometer size range. In some embodiments, the catalyst can be from about 0.1 nm to about 500 nm. In some embodiments, the catalyst can be from about 1.0 nm to about 300 nm. In some embodiments, the catalyst can be from about 5.0 nm to about 200 nm. In some embodiments, the catalyst can be used in the form of a colloid.

In some embodiments, catalyst particles used with embodiments of the invention are porous. By way of example, in some embodiments the particles can have an average pore size of about 30 angstroms to about 2000 angstroms. However, in other embodiments, catalyst particles used are non-porous.

The physical properties of a porous catalyst can be quantitatively described in various ways such as by surface area, pore volume, porosity, and pore diameter. In some embodiments, catalysts of embodiments herein can have a surface area of between about 1 and about 400 m²/gram. In some embodiments, the catalyst of embodiments herein can have a surface area much higher than 400 m²/gram.

In some embodiments, catalysts of embodiments herein can have a surface area of between about 1 and about 200 m²/gram. Pore volume refers to the proportion of the total volume taken up by pores in a material per weight amount of the material. In some embodiments, catalysts of embodiments herein can have a pore volume of between about 0.01 mL/g and about 2 mL/g. Porosity refers to the proportion within a total volume that is taken up by pores. As such, if the total volume of a particle is 1 cm³ and it has a porosity of 0.5, then the volume taken up by pores within the total volume is 0.5 cm³. In some embodiments, catalysts of embodiments herein can have a porosity of between about 0 and about 0.8. In some embodiments, catalysts of embodiments herein can have a porosity of between about 0.3 and 0.6.

Catalyst particles used with embodiments of the invention can have various shapes. By way of example, in some embodiments the particle can be in the form of spherules. In other embodiments, the particle can be a monolith. In some embodiments, the particle can have an irregular shape.

The Lewis acid sites on catalysts of embodiments herein can interact with Lewis basic compounds. Thus, in some embodiments, Lewis basic compounds can be bonded to the surface of catalysts. However, in other embodiments, the catalysts used with embodiments herein are unmodified and have no Lewis basic compounds bonded thereto. A Lewis base is an electron pair donor. Lewis basic compounds of embodiments herein can include anions formed from the dissociation of acids such as hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, boric acid, chloric acid, phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, chromic acid, permanganic acid, phytic acid and ethylenediamine tetramethyl phosphonic acid (EDTPA), and the like. Lewis basic compounds of embodiments herein can also include hydroxide ion as formed from the dissociation of bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and the like.

The anion of an acid can be bonded to a metal oxide of embodiments herein by refluxing the metal oxide in an acid solution. By way of example, metal oxide particles can be refluxed in a solution of sulfuric acid. Alternatively, the anion formed from dissociation of a base, such as the hydroxide ion formed from dissociation of sodium hydroxide, can be bonded to a metal oxide by refluxing in a base solution. By way of example, metal oxide particles can be refluxed in a solution of sodium hydroxide. The base or acid modification can be achieved under exposure to the acid or base in either batch or continuous flow conditions when disposed in a reactor housing at elevated temperature and pressure to speed up the adsorption/modification process. In some embodiments, fluoride ion, such as formed by the dissociation of sodium fluoride, can be bonded to the particles.

In some embodiments, catalyst particles can be packed into a housing, such as a column. Disposing catalyst particles in a housing is one approach to facilitating continuous flow processes. Many different techniques may be used for packing the catalyst particles into a housing. The specific technique used may depend on factors such as the average particle size, the type of housing used, etc. Generally speaking, particles with an average size of about 1-20 microns can be packed under pressure and particles with an average size larger than 20 microns can be packed by dry-packing/tapping methods or by low pressure slurry packing. In some embodiments, the catalyst particles of embodiments herein can be impregnated into a membrane, such as a PTFE membrane.

However, in some embodiments, catalysts used with embodiments of the invention are not in particulate form. For example, a layer of a metal oxide can be disposed on a substrate in order to form a catalyst used with embodiments of the invention. The substrate can be a surface that is configured to contact the feedstocks during processing. In one approach, a catalyst can be disposed as a layer over a surface of a reactor that contacts the feedstocks. Alternatively, the catalyst can be embedded as a particulate in the surface of an element that is configured to contact the feedstocks during processing.

Feedstocks

Feedstocks for embodiments herein can include carbon sources including both renewable carbon sources and non-renewable carbon sources. By way of example, renewable carbon sources can include, but are not limited to, plant-based, microorganism based, and/or animal based biomass. Renewable carbon sources can specifically include carboxylic acids, fatty acids, triglycerides, carbohydrates, biopolymers, and the like.

Renewable carbon sources can specifically include lipid feed stocks that can be derived from many different sources. In some embodiments, lipid feed stocks used in embodiments of the invention can include biological lipid feed stocks. Biological lipid feed stocks can include lipids (fats or oils) produced by any type of microorganism, fungus, plant or animal. In an embodiment, the biological lipid feed stocks used include triglycerides. Many different biological lipid feed stocks derived from plants can be used.

Plant-based feed stocks can include rapeseed oil, soybean oil (including degummed soybean oil), canola oil, cottonseed oil, grape seed oil, mustard seed oil, corn oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, poppy-seed oil, pecan oil, walnut oil, oat oil, peanut oil, rice bran oil, camellia oil, castor oil, and olive oil, palm oil, coconut oil, rice oil, algae oil, seaweed oil, Chinese Tallow tree oil. Other plant-based biological lipid feed stocks can be obtained from argan, avocado, babassu palm, balanites, borneo tallow nut, brazil nut, calendula, camelina, caryocar, cashew nut, chinese vegetable tallow, cocoa, coffee, cohune palm, coriander, cucurbitaceae, euphorbia, hemp, illipe, jatropha, jojoba, kenaf, kusum, macadamia nuts, mango seed, noog abyssinia, nutmeg, opium poppy, perilla, pili nut, pumpkin seed, rice bran, sacha inche, seje, sesame, shea nut, teased, allanblackia, almond, chaulmoogra, cuphea, jatropa curgas, karanja seed, neem, papaya, tonka bean, tung, and ucuuba, cajuput, clausena anisata, davana, galbanum natural oleoresin, german chamomile, hexastylis, high-geraniol monarda, juniapa-hinojo sabalero, lupine, melissa officinalis, milfoil, ninde, patchouli, tarragon, and wormwood.

Many different feed stocks derived from animals can also be used. By way of example, animal-based biological lipid feed stocks can include choice white grease, lard (pork fat), tallow (beef fat), fish oil, and poultry fat.

Many different feed stocks derived from microorganisms (Eukaryotes, Eubacteria and Archaea) can also be used. By way of example, microbe-based lipid feed stocks can include the L-glycerol lipids of Archaea and algae and diatom oils. Many different lipid feed stocks derived from fungus (e.g. Yeasts) can also be used.

In some embodiments, feed stocks derived from both plant and animal sources can be used such as yellow grease, white grease, and brown grease. By way of example, yellow, white or brown grease can include frying oils from deep fryers and can thus include fats of both plant and animal origin. Lipid feed stocks can specifically include used cooking oil. Brown grease (also known as trap grease) can include fats extracted from waste water treatment and sewage systems and can thus include fats of both plant and animal origin. In some embodiments, lipid feed stocks used in embodiments of the invention can include non-biological lipid feed stocks. Lipid feed stocks of embodiments herein can include black oil.

In some embodiments, feed stocks can be derived from microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, algae (such as algae oil, whole algae biomass, algae paste, algae powder), and fungi. Lipid feed stocks of embodiments herein can also include soap stock and acidulated soap stock.

Lipid feed stocks used with embodiments of embodiments herein can specifically include low value feed stocks. Low value feed stocks, such as various types of animals fats and waste oils, generally have a relatively high concentration of free fatty acids. One method of assessing the concentration of free fatty acids is to determine the acid number (or acid value) of the feed stock. The acid number is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of the chemical substance being assessed. The precise acid number as measured can vary because of the heterogeneity of the lipid feed stock. However, as an example, a high value feed stock such as virgin soybean oil can have an acid number of about 0.35 whereas a lower value feed stock such as swine tallow can have an acid number of about 5. Yellow grease, a low value feed stock, can have an acid number of about 15 while acidulated soap stock, also a low value feed stock, can have an acid number of about 88.

In some embodiments, the feed stock used has an acid number of about 3 (mg KOH/g oil) or greater. In some embodiments, the feed stock used has an acid number of about 5 (mg KOH/g oil) or greater. In some embodiments, the feed stock used has an acid number of about 10 (mg KOH/g oil) or greater. In some embodiments, the feed stock used has an acid number of about 50 (mg KOH/g oil) or greater.

Carbohydrates used with embodiments herein can include, but are not limited to, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and the like. Carbohydrates used with embodiments herein can specifically include cellulose and hemicellulose.

Other materials useful as feedstocks can include lignin, pectin, and the like.

Non-renewable carbon sources can include, but are not limited to, coal, carbonaceous gases, and petroleum, or fractions thereof.

The present invention may be better understood with reference to the following examples. These examples are intended to be representative of specific embodiments of the invention, and are not intended as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Formation of Zirconia Particles

A colloidal dispersion of zirconium oxide (NYACOL™ ZR 100/20) (Nyacol Nano Technologies, Inc., Ashland, Mass.), containing 20 wt. % ZrO₂ primarily as about 100 nm particles was spray dried. As the dispersion dried, the particles interacted strongly with one another to provide aggregated ZrO₂ particles. The dried aggregated particles that were obtained were examined under an optical microscope and observed to consist mostly of spherules from about 0.5 μm to about 15 μm in diameter.

The dried spherules were then sintered by heating them in a furnace at a temperature of 750° C. for 6 hours. The spherules were air classified, and the fraction having a size of approximately 10 μm was subsequently isolated. The particles were all washed in sodium hydroxide (1.0 Molar), followed by water, nitric acid (1.0 Molar), water and then dried under vacuum at 110° C. BET nitrogen porosimetry was performed in order to further characterize the sintered spherules. The physical characteristics of the spherules were as listed in Table A1.

Example 2 Formation of a Packed Reactor

20 g of zirconia catalyst as formed in Example 1 were dry packed into a 15 cm×10.0 mm i.d. stainless steel tube. 80 μm diameter (60 Angstrom average pore diameter) bare titania particles were obtained (ZirChrom Separations, Inc., Anoka, Minn.) and were dry packed into two 1.0 cm i.d.×15 cm stainless steel reactor tubes. Each tube contained 14 g of titania.

Example 3 Product Production from Biomass Feedstock

A reactor was set up similar to that shown in FIG. 1. The reactor included two high pressure pumps (Waters 590 HPLC pumps, Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.) drawing from water and heated (using a hot plate) lipid reservoirs. Both reservoirs were continuously sparged with nitrogen to minimize the effect of dissolved oxygen on the reaction.

The lipid (soybean oil) feedstock was first filtered by passing the liquid under high pressure through a blank stainless steel 10 mm (i.d.)×150 mm length reactor fitted with two 10 micron stainless steel frits. The feedstock then entered a heat exchanger, preheater and subsequently went into the reactor. Both the water and lipid feedstock streams were pumped into a custom designed heat exchanger. This design consisted of ⅛th inch (o.d.) stainless steel tubes (Alltech Associates, Deerfield, Ill.) welded together with silver solder. By this design, direct contact and counter flow was achieved such that the heat from the hot reactor effluent could be transferred to the two incoming reactant streams (methanol and lipid).

After the heat exchanger, the two reactant streams were combined using a “T” fitting and the mixture was passed through an electrically driven preheater that was capable of bringing the mixture to the desired set point temperature before entering the independently thermostated fixed bed catalytic reactor. Temperature control was achieved using EZ-Zone PM Watlow (St. Louis, Mo.) temperature controllers. The custom preheater was used to bring the temperature of the feedstock stream up to the desired temperature before it entered the reactor. The preheater consisted of stainless steel HPLC tubing wound around a grooved aluminum cylindrical block with an 800 watt Watlow heater positioned in the center of the cylinder. The backpressure of the system was maintained through the use of a backpressure regulator obtained from Tescom (Elk River, Minn.), after which the cooled effluent was collected. The recovered effluent spontaneously separated into two distinct phases with the top phase being primarily reaction products while the bottom layer was predominantly water.

Samples of the feedstocks were processed through the reaction apparatus under varying conditions. The products were collected hourly based on production rate. The specific reaction conditions are described in Table A2. Samples from experiments 11, 29, and 78 were analyzed by ¹H-NMR and GC-MS (See Table A4 (GC-MS Data for Sample 11), FIG. 5 (GC-MS Spectrum for Sample 11), FIG. 6 (¹H-NMR Spectrum for Sample 11), Table A6 (GC-MS Data for Sample 78), FIG. 7 (GC-MS Spectrum for Sample 78), FIG. 8 (¹H-NMR Spectrum for Sample 78)). Samples 11 and 29 were both performed at 530° C. using titania as the catalyst. The pressure was varied in these two experiments. Sample 11 was performed at 2250 psi (gaseous water phase) and sample 29 was performed at 3450 psi (supercritical water phase). Sample 78 utilized zirconia as the catalyst and supercritical water conditions (525° C., 3500 psi). Each of these samples was found to have a very low acid number of the product biofuel (<30) as shown in Table A3.

Example 4 Hydrocarbon Production from Soybean Oil

A reactor was set-up as described in Example 3 using a zirconia catalyst. The specific reaction conditions are described in Table A7. Further aspects of the experiments and acid numbers for the products are shown in Table A8.

For blank runs 131 and 144, 1 and 2 minute residence times respectively, the GC-MS spectra could not be acquired directly due to their high acid numbers. The samples were subjected to an esterification/transesterification reaction conducted on a small scale (microesterification). That procedure was as follows:

Microesterification

A biofuel sample was obtained by placing a pipette in the liquid sample and allowing a small amount to enter the pipette by capillary action; this typically draws 4 to 8 milligrams of liquid. The sample was then added to a small Teflon capped vial and 0.2 mL methanol were added. The transferring pipette was rinsed to ensure most of the sample was transferred to the vial. Then 0.8 mL of 5% acetyl chloride in methanol was added to the vial. The vial was tightly capped and heated in a sand bath to 50° C. for 14 hours.

After cooling, the contents of the vial were transferred to a test tube containing 1 mL saturated NaHCO₃ and 2 mL pentane. Once gas evolution ceased the pentane solution was removed by pipette and transferred to another test tube. The pentane solution was dried over sodium sulfate. The pentane solution was transferred to a GC vial and analyzed.

GC-MS Method for Esterified Samples

The GC-MS data was collected using a HP6890 equipped with a HP5-MS capillary column. The samples were injected directly with no dilution. The GC-MS conditions were: 1 μL injection volume; splitless injection; 1 mL/min flow rate; Initial temp 40° C., hold for 2 min, ramp 7° C./min to 325° C.; MS detection with a 3.5 min solvent delay. FIG. 9 shows the GC-MS spectrum for Exp. No. 131. FIG. 10 shows the GC-MS spectrum for Exp. No. 144.

Example 5 Analysis of Hydrocarbon Products in Diesel Fuel and Jet A Fuel

By way of comparative example, GC-MS and ¹H-NMR analysis was performed on commercially available diesel fuel and Jet A fuel. They were found to have similar spectrums to those for various embodiments herein. FIG. 11 shows the GC-MS spectrum for diesel fuel. FIG. 12 shows the ¹H-NMR spectrum for the diesel fuel.

Example 6 Hydrocarbon Production from Soybean Oil

A reactor was set-up as described in Example 3 using a zirconia catalyst. The specific reaction conditions are described in Table A13. Further aspects of the experiments and acid numbers for the products are shown in Table A14.

Various feedstocks were used including soybean oil, glycerol, biodiesel, a soy-based high free fatty acid distillate (“Cargill FS201201092100”), oleic acid, and hexadecane. Soybean oil was obtained from Costco, Seattle, Wash. 98124. Glycerol was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Biodiesel was obtained from Ever Cat Fuels, Isanti, Minn. The high fatty acid mixture was obtained from Cargill. Oleic acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Hexadecane was obtained from Sigma-Alrdich, Milwaukee, Wis.

GC-MS and ¹H-NMR data were recorded for selected conditions. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian-Inova 500 MHz ¹H-NMR. ¹H-NMR samples were prepared by dissolving ˜5 mg of sample in 700 μL of CDCl₃ (0.03% TMS). The GC-MS data was collected using a HP6890 equipped with a HP5-MS capillary column (HP-5MS, 300 m×0.25 mm×250 um). The samples were injected neat. The GC-MS conditions were: 0.1 μL injection volume; split ratio 200:1; 1 mL/min flow rate; Initial temp 40° C., hold for 2 min, ramp 7° C./min to 325° C. and hold for 10 min; MS detection limits 35-600 amu.

Glycerol

The reaction of glycerol in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was studied at 400, 450 and 500° C. The reaction conditions are described in experiment numbers 239 through 244 and 249 through 254 contained in Table A13. The production rate of water insoluble biofuel for glycerol is very different from oil based feedstocks as evidenced by data contained in Table A14. Only a small amount of water-insoluble organic material was produced with the majority of the reaction proceeding to form water soluble components and gaseous products

The GC-MS data for the organic phase contains mostly phenolic compounds as the products. The GC-MS data for sample 241 is included in Table A15 and the GC-MS chromatogram is shown in FIG. 13. The ¹H-NMR data presents signals that are consistent with the GC-MS data in terms of functionality present in the mixture and is shown in FIG. 14

The aqueous phase was also investigated by GC-MS. A chromatogram is shown in FIG. 15 for sample 242. The notable feature of the aqueous GC-MS data is the presence of only a few compounds being present in the product mixture. The ¹H-NMR spectrum, shown in FIG. 16, supports this observation of a few compounds being produced compared to the very complex product profile the water insoluble product.

Biodiesel

The decomposition reaction of biodiesel in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was investigated at 500 and 550° C. The reaction conditions are listed in Table A13 and described in experiments 245 through 248 and 255 through 262. The product array is similar to the products obtained for soybean oil.

High Fatty Acid Mixture

The decomposition of a mixture of soy-based free fatty acid distillate (“Cargill FS201201092100”) in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was investigated at 500 and 550 degrees Celsius. Cargill FS201201092100 is a high free fatty acid mixture (acid number=120). The mixture is primarily composed of FFAs and triglycerides. The conditions are listed in Table A13 in experiments 266 through 269 and 276 through 277. The product array is similar to the products obtained for soybean oil. The GC-MS chromatogram is shown in FIG. 17. The ¹H-NMR spectrum is contained in FIG. 18.

Oleic Acid

The decomposition of oleic acid in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was investigated at 500 degrees Celsius. The experimental data is listed in Table A13 and described in experiments 278 through 283 and 290 through 295. The product array is comprised of similar compounds to those obtained for soybean oil with the noticeable difference that the major product formed is the ketonization coupling of oleic acid. The GC-MS data for sample 280 is presented in Table A19 and the GC-MS chromatogram is shown in FIG. 19. The ¹H-NMR spectrum is contained in FIG. 20.

Hexadecane

The decomposition of hexadecane in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was investigated at 500 and 550 degrees Celsius. The experimental data is listed in Table A13 and described in experiments 284 through 289 and 296 through 300. The product array is comprised of cracked aliphatic and olefinic compounds. The conversion efficiency of hexadecane to these smaller chain compounds approximately 8% at 500 degrees Celsius. The GC-MS chromatogram for sample 288 is shown in FIG. 21. The ¹H-NMR spectrum is contained in FIG. 22.

Example 7 Hydrocarbon Production from Multiple Feedstocks

A reactor was set-up as described in Example 3 using a zirconia catalyst. The specific reaction conditions are described in Table A21. Further aspects of the experiments and acid numbers for the products are shown in Table A22.

Various feedstocks were used including lecithin, corn oil, glucose, oleic acid, a soy-based high fatty acid distillate (“UC0-FS2012020”), soybean oil, bio-oil, octanoic acid, stearic acid, acetone, 1-octanol, ethanol, acetic acid, camelina oil, and jatropha oil.

Lecithin was obtained from Nowfoods, Bloomingdale, Ill. Corn oil was obtained from Ever Cat Fuels, Isanti, Minn. Glucose was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Oleic acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. The high fatty acid distillate (“UC0-FS2012020”) was obtained from Cargill. Soybean oil was obtained from Costco, Seattle, Wash. 98124. Octanoic acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Stearic acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Acetone was obtained from AAPER Alcohols, Ky. 1-octanol was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Ethanol was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Acetic acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Camelina oil was obtained from Central Lakes College. Jatropha oil was obtained from Haiti.

Further data are shown in Tables A23-A25, A32-A37 and in FIGS. 23-27, 28-32. Table A23 is GC-MS data of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius. FIG. 23 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius. FIG. 24 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

Table A24 is GC-MS data of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius. FIG. 25 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius. FIG. 26 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of corn oil over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

Table A25 is GC-MS data of products for the reaction of oleic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius. FIG. 27 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of oleic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

GC-MS was also performed for the reaction of used cooking oil over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius and for the reaction of used cooking oil over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

A sample of bio-oil produced by pyrolysis was obtained. The top layer was separated from the water. This layer contained bio-oil and tar. The top bio-oil/tar layer was mixed with soybean oil in a 1.6:1 (m/m) ratio of soybean oil to bio-oil. The mixture was heated to 70° C. for 30 min. The mixture was then centrifuged and decanted. The bio-oil/soybean oil fraction was passed through a Sum nylon vacuum filter before use. The bio-oil/soybean oil fraction was reacted with water over zirconium dioxide at 515° C. The results are detailed in experiments 442-445.

Table A29 is GC-MS data of products for the reaction of octanoic/stearic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius. FIG. 28 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic/stearic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius. FIG. 29 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic/stearic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius.

Table A30 is GC-MS data of products for the reaction of octanoic/stearic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius. FIG. 30 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic/stearic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

Table A31 is GC-MS data of products for the reaction of octanoic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius. FIG. 31 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius. FIG. 32 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of octanoic acid over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

GC-MS analysis was also performed for the reaction of acetone over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius, the reaction of 1-octanol over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius, the reaction of 1-octanol over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius, the reaction of camelina oil over a zirconium catalyst at 500 degrees Celsius, the reaction of camelina oil over a zirconium catalyst at 540 degrees Celsius, and the reaction of jatropha oil over a zirconium catalyst at 550 degrees Celsius.

Example 8 Distillation and Testing of Hydrocarbon Products

Crude biofuel was produced by reaction of soybean oil with water at 515° C. The biofuel was distilled through a simple distillation setup. A light distillate fraction was collected with vapor temperatures up to 95° C. The light distillate had a measured acid number of 14. The acids were removed from the distillate by washing with 1M NaOH, and then centrifuging to remove residual water. Various embodiments herein include a refining step that can include reducing the acid number and/or removing residual water. In some embodiments, a refining step can include removing residual catalyst. The treated distillate was sent to Southwest Institute for ASTM testing based on gasoline ASTM D4814. The results are shown in Table A38.

Example 9 Hydrocarbon Products from Soybean Oil

A reactor was set-up as described in Example 3. In addition to a column using a zirconia catalyst, a column was set up using a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst, a manganese oxide catalyst, and a nickel oxide catalyst. The tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst material was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. The manganese oxide catalyst material was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. The nickel oxide catalyst was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. The specific reaction conditions are described in Table A39. Further aspects of the experiments and acid numbers for the products are shown in Table A40.

Various feedstocks were used including soybean oil and cuphea oil. Soybean oil was obtained from Costco Co., Seattle, Wash. 98124.

Further data are shown in Tables A41-A43 and in FIGS. 33-36.

Table A41 is GC-MS data of products (Exp. No. 605-606) for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 515 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst. FIG. 33 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 515 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst. FIG. 34 is an image of an ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 515 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst.

Table A42 is GC-MS data of products (Exp. No. 602-604) for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 550 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst. FIG. 35 is an image of a GC-MS spectrum of products for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 550 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst. FIG. 36 is an image of a ¹H-NMR spectrum of products for the reaction of soybean oil and water at 550 degrees Celsius over a tungsten (VI) oxide catalyst.

GC-MS was also performed on the products of the reaction of cuphea oil and water at 550 degrees Celsius over a zirconium catalyst

Example 10 Hydrocarbon Products from Algae Oil

A reactor was set-up as described in Example 3 using a zirconia catalyst. The specific reaction conditions are described in Table A44. Further aspects of the experiments and acid numbers for the products are shown in Table A45. Algae oil (derived from salt water kelp) was used as the carbon feedstock. Algae oil was obtained from China. GC-MS analysis was performed on the products. It was found that algae oil serves as an excellent feedstock in conjunction with embodiments herein.

Example 11 Hydrocarbon Products from Glucose, Sucrose, Starch

The reaction of glucose in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was studied at 500° C. The reaction conditions are contained in Table A48. The production rate for glucose is different from oil based feed stocks as evidenced by data contained in Tables A49-A50. Only a small amocellobioseunt of organic material was produced with the majority of the reaction proceeding to form water soluble components and gaseous products. The GC-MS data for the organic phase contains mostly phenolic compounds as the products. The GC-MS data for sample 705 is included in Table A51 and the GC-MS chromatogram is shown in FIG. 37. The ¹H-NMR data presents signals that are consistent with the GC-MS data in terms of functionality present in the mixture and is shown in FIG. 38. The aqueous phase was also investigated by ¹H-NMR. The aqueous phase contains a small number of compounds. Some of the compounds have been tentatively identified. Those compounds are methanol, ethanol, 2-butanone, acetone, and acetic acid. The aqueous phase derived from glucose was utilized as a basis of comparison for the polysaccharide substrates.

The reaction of sucrose in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was studied at 500° C. The reaction conditions are described in Table A48. Only a small amount of organic material was produced with the majority of the reaction proceeding to form water soluble components and gaseous products. The ¹H-NMR data from experiment 716 presents signals that are indistinguishable from the organic product obtained using glucose.

The reaction of water soluble starch in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was studied at 500° C. The reaction conditions are described in Table A48. Only a minute amount of organic material was produced with the majority of the reaction proceeding to form water soluble components and gaseous products. The ¹H-NMR data from experiment 724 presents signals that are indistinguishable from the organic product obtained using glucose. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded for the aqueous phase and compared to glucose. Starch is a polymer of glucose composed of alpha-1,4 linkages, therefore the successful hydrolysis and decomposition of starch can be gauged by a lack of anomeric hydrogen signals and the presence of the same group of compounds observed with glucose. There is no evidence of glucose (chemical shift region not shown) and the same chemical components are seen as in the 10% glucose assays.

The reaction of cellobiose in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was studied at 500° C. The reaction conditions are described in experiment number 727 contained in Table A48. Only a small amount of organic material was produced with the majority of the reaction proceeding to form water soluble components and gaseous products. A¹H-NMR spectrum was recorded for the aqueous phase and compared to glucose. Cellobiose is a disaccharide of glucose composed of a beta-1,4 linkage, therefore the successful hydrolysis and decomposition of cellobiose can be gauged by a lack of anomeric hydrogen signals and the presence of the same group of compounds observed with glucose. The ¹H-NMR spectrum showed no evidence of cellobiose and the same chemical components are seen as in the 10% glucose assays.

Example 12 Hydrocarbon Products from Cellulose

The reaction of cellulose with supercritical water over zirconium dioxide was studied at 450° C. The reaction condition is described in Table A52. A previously employed setup utilizing a chamber packed with microcrystalline cellulose was used (Clayton V. McNeff, Daniel T. Nowlan, Larry C. McNeff, Bingwen Yan, Ronald L. Fedie Continuous production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from simple and complex carbohydrates Applied Catalysis A: General, Volume 384, Issues 1-2, 20 Aug. 2010, Pages 65-69). The system was heated as rapidly as possible to supercritical conditions. Only a minute amount of organic material was produced with the majority of the reaction proceeding to form water soluble components. The organic ¹H-NMR shown in FIG. 39 (cellulose and supercritical water at 450° C. over zirconium dioxide) was obtained by extracting a 5 g aqueous phase sample with 1.5 g CDCl₃ and separating the layers. The spectrum presents signals consistent with small alkyl organics, phenols, aromatics and aldehydes. The composition appears to be similar to that observed for glucose, but with less decomposition due to the lower temperature. Aqueous phase NMR showed no traces of glucose present and a similar organic profile to that of glucose and starch.

Example 13 Hydrocarbon Product Production Using Catalyst Colloids Colloid Preparation:

Add 6×45 mL of 20% zirconia colloids (120 nm, Naycol Products, Inc, Ashland, Mass.) into 6 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge colloids at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Decant the supernatant into a beaker. The colloids were centrifuged down to the bottom of each tube. Add 10 mL of water into each tube and suspend the colloids by shaking Centrifuge the colloids again at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Decant the supernatant into a beaker. The colloids were collected by adding 10 mL of water into each tube and suspended them by shaking. The suspension was then transferred to a 500 mL container. Two batches of colloids were prepared though this method. The concentration of each batch was 8.4%, and 10.5% (w/w) zirconia colloids in water as measured by moisture analysis.

Process Setup

A schematic of a continuous process reactor system employing colloidal solutions is shown in FIG. 44. There are two main differences from the system described earlier. The preheater coil has been removed and the empty column is filled from bottom to top. The diagram shows the use of two high pressure pumps (Waters 590 HPLC pumps, Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.) that draw from water and heated (using a hot plate) lipid reservoirs. Both reservoirs were continuously sparged with nitrogen to minimize the effect of dissolved oxygen on the reaction. Both zirconia colloids suspension and soybean were pumped and combined using a “T” fitting and enter into an independently thermostated 150 mm×10 mm blank reactor. Temperature control was achieved using EZ-Zone PM Watlow (St. Louis, Mo.) temperature controllers. The hot product stream was cooled through a heat exchanger. The backpressure of the system was maintained through the use of a backpressure regulator obtained from Tescom (Elk River, Minn.), after which the cooled effluent was collected. The recovered effluent spontaneously separated into two distinct phases with the top phase being primarily biofuel while the bottom layer was water with colloids.

Hydrocarbon Production

The conversion of soybean oil to a suitable biofuel mixture was demonstrated using a continuous flow setup with an open tubular reactor and the catalyst mixed with the water layer. This setup demonstrates the ability of the catalyst to perform in systems other than fixed bed and greatly expands the substrate possibilities by employing design modifications to the system, i.e. the use of an extruder to react solid materials in a continuous process. The reaction conditions are shown in Table A53. Table A54 shows the data collected for the sample conditions of Table A53. The catalyst was introduced by using a colloidal suspension in water. Because the average particle size in the colloid is <100 nm the solution can be pumped through a high pressure HPLC pump without clogging of the pump heads. Table A55 contains the GC-MS data collected for the blank experiment using only soybean oil and supercritical water. The results show a range of organic molecules formed, but that majority of the product is free fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of the oil. This observation is supported by the high acid number of the fraction as well. The GC-MS spectrum of the sample created from supercritical water and soybean oil and with no catalyst at 500° C. is contained in FIG. 40. In FIG. 41, the ¹H-NMR spectrum of the resulting mixture is presented.

After the blank experiment was complete the pump was switched to the colloid suspension of zirconia (8.4%). The system was stabilized and fractions were collected. The GC-MS data collected for the reaction of colloidal zirconia with soybean oil shows that the number of compounds greatly increases with introduction of colloids. The most notable change is the presence of long chain ketones and their fragmentation products. Also, there is a significant decrease in the acid number as compared to the blank indicating the further reaction of the free fatty acids. FIG. 42 shows the GC-MS spectrum of the product organic layer created from 8.4% colloidal zirconia in water and soybean oil at 500° C. FIG. 43 shows the ¹H-NMR spectrum of the resultant product created from 8.4% colloidal zirconia in water and soybean oil at 500° C.

Example 14 Hydrocarbon Production from Open Tubular Reactor

An open tube reactor for continuous production of hydrocarbon products was setup as shown in FIG. 4. The reactor included two high pressure Waters 590 HPLC pumps obtained from Waters Corporation (Milford, Mass.) that draw from a water reservoir that is continuously sparged with nitrogen to minimize the effect of dissolved oxygen on the system. The water was then pumped into two custom designed tubes with a volume of 700 ml. One tube contains feedstocks (e.g. soybean oil, algae oil, 5% algae, and 5% cellulose) in a water solution/suspension and one tube contained 9.7% zirconia colloids. The colloids and feedstock were then pumped, combined and passed through an electrically driven preheater that is capable of bringing the reactants to the desired set point temperature before they entered the independently thermostated reactor. The temperature control was maintained using EZ-Zone PM Watlow (St. Louis, Mo.) temperature controllers. The custom preheater was used to bring the temperature of the flowing fluid up to the desired point before it entered the empty 150 mm×10 mm tube reactor. The preheater consisted of wound stainless steel HPLC tubing in a grooved aluminum cylindrical block with an 800 watt Watlow heater located in the center of the cylinder. The backpressure of the system was maintained through the use of a backpressure regulator obtained from Tescom (Elk River, Minn.). Upon exiting the reactor, the reaction products were cooled through a heat exchanger.

Tables A57 and A58 show experimental conditions for experiments that were conducted with this reactor system (experiments 755-760). The reaction products were then analyzed using ¹H-NMR and GC-MS techniques. The results from experiments 755-760 are summarized in the following paragraphs.

Experiment 755—The reaction of soybean oil with a 9.7% suspension of zirconia (colloidal) in water at 515° C. and under supercritical conditions yields a product mixture that is very similar to the mixture observed when using a fixed bed catalytic reactor under similar conditions. FIG. 45 shows GC-MS spectrum of the products obtained from experiment #755. FIG. 46 shows ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of the products obtained from experiment #755.

Experiment 756—The reaction of soybean oil with a 9.7% colloidal suspension of zirconia in water at 550° C. and under supercritical conditions yields a product mixture that is comprised almost exclusively of aromatic compounds. There are some remaining olefins and aliphatics, but the amount of ketones has greatly decreased (when compared to the results of experiment #755), especially the long chain components. Conversely, the number of aromatic compounds has increased significantly. FIG. 47 shows GC-MS spectrum of the products obtained from experiment #756. FIG. 48 shows ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of the products obtained from experiment #756.

Experiment 757—The blank reaction of soybean oil with water at 550° C. and under supercritical conditions yields a product mixture that is comprised almost exclusively of aromatic compounds. There are some remaining olefins, aliphatics, and long chain acids. There are no ketones observed and the array of aromatics shows many differences from the reaction with colloidial zirconia, particularly in the identity of some components and the relative abundance of others. FIG. 49 shows GC-MS spectrum of the products obtained from experiment #757. FIG. 50 shows ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of the products obtained from experiment #757.

Experiment 758—The reaction of algae (kelp) oil with a 9.7% colloidal suspension of zirconia in water at 550° C. and under supercritical conditions yields a product mixture that is comprised of aromatic, aliphatic and olefinic compounds. The amount of ketones has greatly decreased, as compared to the fixed bed results, and the number of aromatic compounds has increased significantly. FIG. 51 shows GC-MS spectrum of the products obtained from experiment #758. FIG. 52 shows ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) of the products obtained from experiment #758.

Experiment 759—The reaction of a suspension of 7% powdered algae with a 9.7% colloidal suspension of zirconia in water at 550° C. and under supercritical conditions yields a relatively simple reaction mixture. The GC-MS indicates the presence of acetone, butanone and some long chain carboxylic acids and the ¹H-NMR data indicates the presence of compounds such as methanol, acetone, acetic acid and 2-butanone.

Experiment 760—The reaction of a suspension of 5% microcrystalline cellulose with a 9.7% colloidal suspension of zirconia in water at 550° C. and under supercritical conditions yields a relatively simple reaction mixture. The GC-MS indicates the presence of acetone and butanone and the ¹H-NMR data, indicates the presence of compounds such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid and 2-butanone.

Example 15 Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels Under Supercritical Water Conditions and Colloidal Metal Oxide Catalyst with Open-Tube Reactor Materials

Soybean oil, algae oil (oil was extracted from Kelp in China), cellulose (Fluka, USA), algae from SarTec Corp., Camelina meal from SarTec Corp., Fleishmann's yeast powder obtained from Cub Foods (Coon Rapids, Minn.). 9.7% (wt./wt.) zirconia colloids (100 nm particle size) was prepared by diluting 30% (wt./wt.) zirconia colloids produced by Nycol, USA.

Experimental

A schematic of the continuous biofuel production process is shown in FIG. 53. The diagram shows the use of two high pressure Waters 590 HPLC pump obtained from Waters Corporation (Milford, Mass.) that draw from water that are continuously sparged with nitrogen to minimize the effect of dissolved oxygen on the system. The water was pumped into two stainless steel tubes with volume of 700 mL each (12 in×2 in i.d.). One tube contains biomass feedstock (e.g. soybean oil, camelina oil, algae oil, Camelina meal, algae powder) in a water solution/suspension and one tube contains 7.0% (wt./wt.) zirconia colloids in water. The catalyst zirconia colloid and feedstock were pumped and combined via a “T”, and then passed through an electrically driven preheater that was capable of bringing the reactants to the desired set point temperature before it enters the independently thermostated fixed bed catalytic reactor. The temperature control was achieved using some EZ-Zone PM Watlow (St. Louis, Mo.) temperature controllers. The custom preheater was used to bring the temperature of the flowing fluid up to the desired temperature before it entered an empty 1 cm×15 cm stainless steel tube reactor which consisted of wound stainless steel HPLC tubing in a grooved aluminum cylindrical block with an 800 watt Watlow heater in the center of the cylinder. The backpressure of the system was maintained through the use of a backpressure regulator obtained from Tescom (Elk River, Minn.). After the reactor, the effluent mixtures were cooled through a heat exchanger and the reaction products collected.

Soybean Oil/Salt Water

Using the reactor setup described in FIG. 53, the reaction of biomass in the presence of a salt water solution and catalyst were investigated at 515 and 550° C. The experimental conditions for the experiments are listed in tables A61 and A62 under experimental entries 761-769. The product streams were analyzed by GC-MS and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy.

For the blank experiments, water versus salt water, no significant changes in product composition were observed although the conversion of soybean oil appears to be higher for the salt water based on the intensities of the remaining free fatty acids present in the GC-MS spectra. The GC-MS spectrum obtained at 515 C is presented in FIG. 54 and the MS data with the highest probability hits is presented in Table A63. The product profiles are similar and the relative peak ratios appear to be consistent. The proton NMR spectra are similar as well.

The GC-MS spectra for the reaction of colloidal zirconia, salt water and soybean oil show many similarities as well. A small amount of ketonized products are observed in the GC-MS. In the GC-MS spectrum of the colloidal sample there is still a significant amount of free fatty acids remaining. This is attributed to the low concentration of zirconia colloids used (4.4%) and their chelation by the free fatty acids present lowering the overall catalytic activity. The GC-MS spectrum obtained at 515° C. is presented in FIG. 55 and the MS data with the highest probability hits is presented in Table A64. A ¹H-NMR spectrum is displayed in FIG. 56.

Aspen Wood

The reaction of supercritical water with aspen in the absence and presence of zirconia colloids was studied using the reactor setup described in FIG. 53. The reaction was conducted at 450 and 500° C. for both the blank and colloidal catalyst reaction. The experimental conditions are listed in tables A61 and A62 under experimental entries 770 and 771. The reaction mixtures were investigated by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The blank versus the colloidal reaction yield similar reaction products under the conditions examined. The NMR data indicates the presence of methanol, ethanol, acetic acid for both reactions. However, in the reactions where colloids are present acetone is observed as a product. This is due to the ketonization of acetic acid catalyzed by zirconia. The NMR spectrum from the reaction of zirconia colloids, aspen wood and water at 500° C. is shown in FIG. 57.

Camelina Meal

The reaction of supercritical water, Camelina meal and zirconia colloids was investigated using the reactor setup described in FIG. 53. The Camelina meal used was the pelletized material obtained after the high temperature oil extraction of Camelina seeds. A suspension of was formed by taking the material up in water. A 5% suspension was found to form a suitable solution for pumping through the heated open-tubular reactor. This suspension was reacted with a 7% colloidal zirconia solution. The reaction was conducted at 500 and 525° C. The experimental conditions are listed in tables A61 and A62 under experimental entries 772 and 773. A sample of the aqueous phase was extracted with hexane and the hexane extract analyzed by GC-MS to determine the organic composition. A sample of aqueous phase was also extracted with CDCl₃ and analyzed by ¹H-NMR to acquire information about the organic composition of the sample.

The GC-MS spectrum shown in FIG. 58 contained aromatics, terminal linear alkenes, alkanes, unreacted fatty acids and long chain ketones derived from ketonization of free fatty acid residue in the meal. Also present were a variety of substituted indoles, presumably derived from protein degradation. The MS data is presented in Table A65. The ¹H-NMR of the aqueous layer contained signals consistent with methanol, acetic acid and acetone. There were also other unidentified organic compounds present. The CDCl₃ ¹H-NMR extract confirms the presence of functional groups observed in the GC-MS and also indicates the presence of some aldehyde compounds.

1% K₂CO₃ Reaction with Soybean Oil

The reaction of 1% K₂CO₃ in water with soybean oil was studied using the setup described in FIG. 53 at temperatures ranging from 400 to 500° C. The experimental conditions are listed in tables A61 and A62 under experimental entries 775-778. The product mixtures were analyzed by GC-MS and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The data collected is consistent with literature observations under similar conditions. The soybean oil is hydrolyzed and then decarboxylated. The major products are terminal alkenes and dienes with aromatic compounds present and unreacted free fatty acids. The conversion of free fatty acids increases with an increase in temperature.

Algae Powder

The reaction of ground algae powder with supercritical water in the absence and presence of zirconia colloids was studied using the reactor setup in FIG. 53. The algae powder was obtained by ball milling dried Dunaliella tertiolecta cells. The ball milled powder was taken up in water. A 5.3% (wt./wt.) solution of algae powder was found to be stable and suitable for pumping. The reaction was studied at temperatures of 500 and 550° C. with and without catalytic zirconia colloids. The experimental conditions are listed in tables A61 and A62 under experimental entries 779 and 780. The aqueous phase was examined by GC-MS and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy directly. A sample of the aqueous phase was extracted with hexane and the hexane extract analyzed by GC-MS to determine the organic composition. A sample of aqueous phase was also extracted with CDCl₃ and analyzed by ¹H-NMR to acquire information about the organic composition of the sample.

The GC-MS spectra for the blank reaction (water and algae only) were very simple and contained few peaks. The most prominent peaks in the direct injection were ethanol, acetic acid and substituted indoles. The GC-MS of the hexane extract contained mainly free fatty acids and substituted indoles. The NMR data are consistent with the GC-MS data.

The GC-MS spectrum of the hexane extract, shown in FIG. 59, for the zirconia catalyzed reaction show more compounds produced than the corresponding blank. The MS data are listed in Table 6. The direct injection spectrum contains ethanol, acetic acid, substituted indoles and some traces of long chain ketones consistent with ketonization. The GC-MS of the hexane extract contains aromatics, phenols, linear alkenes, alkanes and long chain ketones. The ¹H-NMR data are supportive of the GC-MS observations.

Yeast Powder

The reaction of baker's yeast powder (Fleischmann's yeast, Cub Foods, Coon Rapids, Minn.) with supercritical water in the absence and presence of catalytic zirconia colloids was studied using the reactor setup in FIG. 53. The yeast powder was mixed with water to form a 10% solution that was found to be stable and suitable for pumping. The reaction was studied at temperatures of 500 and 550° C. with and without zirconia colloids. The experimental conditions are listed in tables A61 and A62 under experimental entries 781-784. The aqueous phase was examined by GC-MS and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy directly. A sample of the aqueous phase was extracted with hexane and the hexane extract analyzed by GC-MS to determine the organic composition. A sample of aqueous phase was also extracted with CDCl₃ and analyzed by ¹H-NMR to acquire information about the organic composition of the sample.

The GC-MS and NMR data of the aqueous layer for the blank experiment (yeast powder and water only) indicate the presence of ethanol, acetic acid and a small number of unidentified organic compounds. The GC-MS of the hexane extract contains alkenes, aromatics, phenols, substituted indoles and unreacted free fatty acids. The ¹H-NMR data of the extract is in agreement with the GC-MS data.

The GC-MS and ¹H-NMR of data of the aqueous layer for the colloidal experiment indicated the presence of ethanol, acetic acid, methanol and acetone along with a small number of unidentified organic compounds. The GC-MS of the hexane extract contains linear alkenes, alkanes, aromatics, substituted indoles and long chain ketones. The GC-MS spectrum is shown in FIG. 60 and the MS data is displayed in Table A67. FIG. 61 shows the NMR obtained for a CDCl₃ extract of the aqueous layer.

Example 16 Hydrocarbon Production from Open Tubular Reactor

Experiments 785-786—The conversion of algae powder to a biofuel mixture was accomplished using the open tubular reactor design described in Example 15 above. The product profiles were similar to those reported in experiment 779 with appropriate increases in yield due to the higher loading of algae.

Experiment 792—The reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over 5% CuO catalyst (<50 nm) in soybean oil was investigated using the open tubular reactor setup similar to as described with respect to Example 15 above. The product profile observed for CuO by GC-MS is very similar to that obtained for K₂CO₃, described in experiment 771.

Experiment 794—The reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over 5% ZnO catalyst (<5 um) in soybean oil was investigated using the open tubular reactor setup similar to as described with respect to Example 15 above. The product profile observed for ZnO by GC-MS is very similar to that obtained for K₂CO₃

Experiment 796—The reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over 2.5% Y₂O₃ catalyst (<50 nm) in soybean oil was investigated using the open tubular reactor similar to as described with respect to Example 15 above. The GC-MS profile was similar to that obtained for Nb₂O₅ with the added difference that small amounts of long chain ketone dimers were present in the biofuel.

Experiment 788—The reaction of soybean oil with 0.3% MgCO₃ in water under supercritical conditions was studied using the open tubular reactor design described in Example 15 above. The product profiles were similar to those reported in experiment 771. The major products were long chain free fatty acids with significant gas formation and 55% recovered yield.

Experiment 795—The reaction of soybean oil with 5% KH₂PO₄ in water under supercritical conditions was studied using the open tubular reactor design described in Example 15 above. The product profiles were similar to those reported in experiment 771. The major products were long chain free fatty acids with significant gas formation and 36% recovered yield.

Example 17 Hydrocarbon Production from Fixed Bed Reactors

Experiment 787—The reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over zirconium dioxide at 600° C. was investigated using a fixed bed reactor setup, similar to as describe with respect to Example 3 above. The GC-MS displayed a similar profile to samples produced at 550° C. with an increase in the concentration of small aromatic compounds, a decrease in heavier molecular weight alkenes and ketones, a significant amount of gas production, and a marked decrease in yield of bio-oil (30% yield recovered).

Experiment 789—The reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over niobium (V) oxide at 500° C. was investigated using a fixed bed reactor setup, similar to as described with respect to Example 3 above. The 150×10 reactor was only filled halfway with 325 mesh catalyst (12.5 g) and flow rates were adjusted accordingly (Table A69). The niobium oxide catalyst yielded a biofuel which had a GC-MS spectrum showing many similarities to those obtained for zirconium dioxide at 550° C. Significant numbers of aromatic compounds were formed, a small amount of 2-heptadecanone, large amounts of free fatty acids (acid number=91) and the unique presence of heptadecanal (confirmed by NMR as well).

Experiment 790—The reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over Fe₂O₃ catalyst (<5 um) was investigated using the open tubular reactor setup. The major modification from the colloidal setup was that the iron catalyst was suspended in the soybean oil rather than the water layer. At 5% loading the suspension was stable for the duration of the experiment. The GC-MS results showed a product profile similar to that obtained for K₂CO₃ (experiment 771). The major products were long chain free fatty acids, aromatics and some alkenes.

Experiment 791—The reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over colbalt (IV) oxide at 500° C. was investigated using a fixed bed reactor setup, previously described in experiment 81. The setup was slightly modified in the way that a 150×4.6 mm reactor was used and filled with 2.5 g, 325 mesh CoO₂ catalyst and the flow rates were adjusted accordingly (Table A69). The results obtained for CoO₂ were very different from previously tested catalysts. While the major products from the reaction were free fatty acids (acid number 152), the organic components were dominated by alkanes rather than previously observed alkenes, a surprising result. The GC-MS spectrum is shown in FIG. 62, the ¹H-NMR is shown in FIG. 63 and the product profile is shown in Table A70.

Experiment 793—The reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over a 50/50 (v/v) zirconium dioxide-titanium dioxide at 500° C. was investigated using a fixed bed reactor setup, previously described in experiment 108. The product profile by GC-MS was similar to that observed for experiment 108 with an increase in the amounts of long chain ketone dimers.

It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes a mixture of two or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

It should also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the phrase “configured” describes a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration to. The phrase “configured” can be used interchangeably with other similar phrases such as arranged and configured, constructed and arranged, constructed, manufactured and arranged, and the like.

All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference.

The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.

APPENDIX OF TABLES

TABLE A1 Surface area (m²/g) 22.1 Pore volume (mL/g) 0.13 Pore diameter (angstrom) 240 Internal Porosity 0.44 Average size range (micron) 5-15 Size Standard Deviation (um) 2.62 D90/D10 (Size Distribution) 1.82

TABLE A2 Reaction conditions for the reaction of soybean oil with superheated water. Preheater Reactor Temperature Setpoint Back Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore Setting point (° C.), Pressure No. Oil Type Type size, Surface Area (C) T2 (PSI) 1 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 2 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 3 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 4 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 5 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 6 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 7 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 8 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 9 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 10 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 11 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 2250 12 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 2250 13 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 2250 14 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 2250 15 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 2250 16 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 17 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 18 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 19 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 20 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 21 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 22 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 23 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 24 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 25 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 26 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 27 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 28 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 29 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3450 30 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3450 31 Soybean Oil Titania 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 32 Soybean Oil Zirconia 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 3400 33 Soybean Oil Zirconia 80 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3400 34 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3400 35 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3400 36 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3400 37 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3000 38 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3000 39 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3650 40 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3650 41 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3650 42 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/60 A/100 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3650 43 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 490 490 3250 44 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 490 490 3250 45 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 495 3250 46 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 495 3250 47 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3250 48 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 2200 49 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 2200 50 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 505 2500 51 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 505 2500 52 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 510 510 2800 53 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 510 510 3000 54 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3000 55 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3150 56 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3150 57 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3000 58 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3150 59 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3150 60 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3150 61 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3150 62 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 63 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 64 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 65 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 66 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 67 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 68 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 69 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3400 70 Soybean Oil Zirconia 5-15 um/300 A/ 515 515 3450 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 71 Soybean Oil Zirconia 5-15 um/300 A/ 515 515 3450 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 72 Soybean Oil Zirconia 5-15 um/300 A/ 515 515 3450 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 73 Soybean Oil Zirconia 5-15 um/300 A/ 515 515 3450 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 74 Soybean Oil Zirconia 5-15 um/300 A/ 515 515 3450 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 75 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 76 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 77 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 78 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 79 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 80 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500

TABLE A3 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table 1. Actual Total Water Flow Molar Ratio Biofuel Exp. Flow Rate (water/ Acid Production No. (min/min) (ml/min) triglyceride) number rate (g/min) 3 5.223 2.063 137.5 5.99 1.142 g/min 5 5.223 2.063 137.5 7.93 1.138 g/min 7 5.223 2.063 137.5 12.19 1.12 g/min 9 5.223 2.063 137.5 16.22 1.14 g/min 11 5.223 2.063 137.5 20.47 1.14 g/min 13 5.223 2.063 137.5 35.38 1.46 g/min 15 5.223 2.063 137.5 39.91 1.43 g/min 17 5.223 2.063 137.5 27.93 1.25 g/min 19 5.223 2.063 137.5 29.82 1.22 g/min 21 5.223 2.063 137.5 32.06 1.236 g/min 23 5.223 2.063 137.5 8.36 1.085 g/min 25 5.223 2.063 137.5 1.85 1.075 g/min 27 5.223 2.063 137.5 1.8 1.07 g/min 29 5.223 2.063 137.5 2.19 1.065 g/min 31 5.223 2.063 137.5 2.41 1.07 g/min 35 5.223 2.063 137.5 4.5 1.00 g/min 37 5.223 2.063 137.5 6.56 1.00 g/min 40 5.223 2.063 137.5 25.54 1.03 g/min 42 5.223 2.063 137.5 57.15 1.08 g/min 44 5.223 2.063 137.5 72.8 1.43 g/min 46 5.223 2.063 137.5 45.9 1.46 g/min 49 5.223 2.063 137.5 25.64 1.459 g/min 51 5.223 2.063 137.5 12.32 1.40 g/min 53 5.223 2.063 137.5 9.135 1.37 g/min 55 5.223 2.063 137.5 5.37 1.22 g/min 57 5.223 2.063 137.5 6.1 1.104 g/min 59 5.223 2.063 137.5 7.37 1.106 g/min 60 5.223 2.063 137.5 9.41 1.168 g/min 61 5.223 2.063 137.5 11.47 1.267 g/min 63 5.223 2.063 137.5 13.94 1.29 g/min 64 5.223 2.063 137.5 13.15 1.24 g/min 65 5.223 2.063 137.5 13.32 1.268 g/min 66 5.223 2.063 137.5 14.03 1.25 g/min 67 5.223 2.063 137.5 14.32 1.02 g/min 68 5.223 2.063 137.5 15.14 1.24 g/min 71 5.223 2.063 137.5 2.43 1.19 g/min 72 5.223 2.063 137.5 2.8 1.16 g/min 73 5.223 2.063 137.5 2.81 1.13 g/min 74 5.223 2.063 137.5 2.43 1.14 g/min 76 5.223 2.063 137.5 5.57 1.18 g/min 77 5.223 2.063 137.5 5.79 0.97 g/min 78 5.223 2.063 137.5 6.93 1.11 g/min 79 5.223 2.063 137.5 8.25 1.128 g/min 80 5.223 2.063 137.5 10.01 1.128 g/min

TABLE A4 GC-MS data collected for sample 11. % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT (min) Area Total 1 1-Butene 22 1.275 3346994 0.43% 2 1-Pentene 87 1.384 4294498 0.55% 3 Pentane 86 1.398 3351076 0.43% 4 2-Butene, 2-methyl- 87 1.419 2958094 0.38% 5 1-Butene, 2-methyl- 86 1.436 2422836 0.31% 6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 93 1.504 1459488 0.19% 7 Cyclopentene 86 1.551 4803079 0.62% 8 Cyclobutane, methyl- 83 1.58 2465239 0.32% 9 Pentane, 3-methyl- 87 1.634 1688105 0.22% 10 1-Hexene 91 1.669 15362499 1.98% 11 Hexane 83 1.706 9689628 1.25% 12 3-Hexene 90 1.741 8244854 1.06% 13 trans-1,4-Hexadiene 64 1.792 5549954 0.71% 14 Cyclopentane, methyl- 87 1.877 4816376 0.62% 15 3-Cyclopentadiene, 1-methyl- 68 1.973 1674825 0.22% 16 Cyclopentene, 3-methyl- 90 2.048 8980322 1.16% 17 Benzene 91 2.133 14616746 1.88% 18 Cyclohexene 93 2.292 7026448 0.90% 19 1-Heptene 96 2.377 15857788 2.04% 20 Heptane 91 2.467 7945283 1.02% 21 Cyclopentene, 4,4-dimethyl- 60 2.518 3814835 0.49% 22 2-Heptene 90 2.558 3995766 0.51% 23 3-Heptene 90 2.657 3535201 0.46% 24 Cyclohexane, methyl- 76 2.751 6387109 0.82% 25 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 95 2.903 1811418 0.23% 26 Cyclohexene, 3-methyl- 90 2.982 5018262 0.65% 27 Cyclopentene, 4,4-dimethyl- 80 3.204 2998963 0.39% 28 Cyclopentene, 1-ethyl- 91 3.236 7205751 0.93% 29 Toluene 95 3.403 24186421 3.11% 30 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 91 3.445 12638653 1.63% 31 1-Octene 95 3.796 13646718 1.76% 32 4-Octene 55 3.901 4619212 0.60% 33 Octane 74 3.953 11930762 1.54% 34 2-Octene 93 4.087 5594875 0.72% 35 2-Octene, (Z)- 87 4.241 3175136 0.41% 36 Cyclopentene, 1-(1-methylethyl)- 58 4.887 2987890 0.39% 37 cis-Bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2-ene 90 5.07 3610539 0.47% 38 Ethylbenzene 91 5.199 15262340 1.96% 39 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 90 5.363 1779110 0.23% 40 p-Xylene 97 5.392 3299148 0.43% 41 1-Nonene 96 5.839 11564486 1.49% 42 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 95 5.881 12057810 1.55% 43 3-Nonene 38 5.946 3388532 0.44% 44 Nonane 87 6.026 10947210 1.41% 45 cis-3-Nonene 70 6.182 3067935 0.40% 46 Cyclopentene, 1-butyl- 62 7.11 6119507 0.79% 47 Benzene, propyl- 90 7.262 8588856 1.11% 48 Benzene, 1-ethyl-3-methyl- 95 7.461 3027528 0.39% 49 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- 93 7.492 4548421 0.59% 50 Benzene, 1-ethyl-4-methyl- 94 7.865 6147708 0.79% 51 3-Octanone 38 8.066 2430367 0.31% 52 1-Decene 95 8.11 9495142 1.22% 53 Benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl- 42 8.186 11052143 1.42% 54 Decane 76 8.307 4942056 0.64% 55 4-Decene 96 8.452 2391644 0.31% 56 Benzene, 2-propenyl- 80 9.123 9028940 1.16% 57 Cyclopentene, 1-pentyl- 60 9.383 4704792 0.61% 58 Benzene, butyl- 76 9.592 12060070 1.55% 59 Benzene, (1-methylpropyl)- 60 9.847 4374245 0.56% 60 1-Phenyl-1-butene 83 0.261 4686660 0.60% 61 3-Nonanone 43 0.302 3145182 0.41% 62 1-Undecene 93 0.361 12810016 1.65% 63 2-Nonanone 81 0.439 2751237 0.35% 64 3-Undecene 83 0.488 3876822 0.50% 65 Undecane 93 0.545 4265571 0.55% 66 5-Undecene 86 0.673 4378228 0.56% 67 5-Undecene, (E)- 72 0.859 1429317 0.18% 68 Benzene, 1,3-diethyl-5-methyl- 53 1.378 330195 0.43% 69 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-(2-propenyl)- 87 1.423 3572551 0.46% 70 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 76 1.55 4511869 0.58% methylpropyl)- 71 Cyclopentene,1-hexyl- 55 1.593 3685019 0.47% 72 Benzene, 2-ethenyl-1,4-dimethyl- 86 1.646 8956999 1.15% 73 Benzene, pentyl- 91 1.794 27109044 3.49% 74 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 58 1.894 5353395 0.69% 75 Benzene, (1-methylbutyl)- 59 2.016 8101639 1.04% 76 1-Dodecene 95 2.499 15946689 2.05% 77 2-Decanone 60 2.595 7746165 1.00% 78 Dodecane 94 2.672 5434239 0.70% 79 Bicyclo[6.4.0]dodeca-9,11-diene 87 3.913 7922203 1.02% 80 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-(1-ethylpropyl)- 43 4.071 6488480 0.84% 81 1-Tridecene 97 4.517 9843415 1.27% 82 2-Undecanone 53 4.614 4350844 0.56% 83 Tridecane 96 4.672 5507796 0.71% 84 Benzene, heptyl- 83 5.917 3809471 0.49% 85 2-Tetradecene 97 6.412 13994264 1.80% 86 2-Dodecanone 62 6.523 2544488 0.33% 87 Tetradecane 97 6.554 3219361 0.41% 88 Benzene, octyl- 52 7.796 3915020 0.50% 89 1-Pentadecene 99 8.206 8739188 1.13% 90 Pentadecane 96 8.335 16306321 2.10% 91 Spiro[4.5]decane 76 9.591 5543392 0.71% 92 1,15-Hexadecadiene 70 9.659 4941398 0.64% 93 1-Hexadecene 97 9.9 6871497 0.88% 94 2-Pentadecanone 52 0.03 287945 0.37% 95 E-14-Hexadecenal 94 1.264 714046 0.92% 96 1-Heptadecanol 86 1.366 6881151 0.89% 97 1-Heptadecene 93 1.508 3233725 0.42% 98 Heptadecane 94 1.615 7587382 0.98% 99 Cyclooctane, phenyl- 50 2.925 4026447 0.52% 100 2-Heptadecanone 96 4.633 36424969 4.69% 101 3-Octadecanone 96 5.954 10065472 1.30% 102 1,11-Dodecadiene 42 7.039 6731108 0.87% 103 4-Dodecanone 46 7.093 2879105 0.37% 104 (2-Acetyl-5-methyl-cyclopentyl)-acetic 49 7.124 14122956 1.82% acid 105 2-Nonadecanone 99 7.374 21132038 2.72% 106 Phenol, 2-pentyl- 35 7.855 4615216 0.59% 107 5-Undecanone 43 8.354 8014166 1.03% 108 3-Eicosanone 64 8.58 5701257 0.73% 109 5-Decanone, 2-methyl- 22 9.563 2889538 0.37% 110 6-Dodecanone 41 0.732 3608197 0.46%

TABLE A6 GC-MS data collected for sample 78. % % of Peak # Peak Name Probability RT (min) Area Total 1 Butane 47 1.283 5670632 0.59% 2 1-Pentene 87 1.394 5561480 0.58% 3 Pentane 86 1.408 5634588 0.58% 4 2-Butene, 2-methyl- 91 1.43 3334022 0.35% 5 1-Butene, 2-methyl- 90 1.448 3500160 0.36% 6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 87 1.517 1797716 0.19% 7 Cyclopentene 90 1.563 5789360 0.60% 8 1-Pentene 72 1.593 2386807 0.25% 9 1-Hexene 91 1.682 18299930 1.90% 10 Hexane 83 1.72 9120947 0.95% 11 2-Hexene 90 1.757 10561755 1.09% 12 3-Hexene 74 1.81 8910852 0.92% 13 Cyclopentane, methyl- 91 1.893 6067286 0.63% 14 ,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1-methyl- 76 1.996 2025597 0.21% 15 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- 90 2.066 12811904 1.33% 16 Benzene 91 2.152 23092342 2.39% 17 2,4-Hexadiene 42 2.228 3573727 0.37% 18 Cyclohexene 94 2.312 11150882 1.16% 19 1-Heptene 90 2.399 18385015 1.91% 20 Heptane 91 2.489 13959199 1.45% 21 Cyclobutane, (1-methylethylidene)- 64 2.546 6911910 0.72% 22 2-Heptene 95 2.586 6855627 0.71% 23 3-Heptene 81 2.688 6415131 0.67% 24 Cyclohexane, methyl- 78 2.775 10584054 1.10% 25 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 91 2.93 3153571 0.33% 26 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 90 3.011 8055341 0.83% 27 Cyclobutane, (1-methylethylidene)- 90 3.235 4690501 0.49% 28 Cyclopentene, 1-ethyl- 91 3.269 6391072 0.66% 29 Toluene 91 3.431 33101286 3.43% 30 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 87 3.472 20753423 2.15% 31 1-Octene 91 3.827 16524346 1.71% 32 Cyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl- 96 3.927 6681285 0.69% 33 Octane 80 3.985 13007881 1.35% 34 4-Octene 95 4.127 5759381 0.60% 35 2-Octene, (Z)- 95 4.286 3049175 0.32% 36 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 76 4.62 2933979 0.30% 37 Methyl ethyl cyclopentene 81 4.742 2910047 0.30% 38 Cyclohexene, 1,6-dimethyl- 89 4.872 2523064 0.26% 39 Cyclooctene 46 4.933 3109224 0.32% 40 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 93 4.981 4342523 0.45% 41 1,3-Cyclooctadiene 64 5.108 5386493 0.56% 42 Ethylbenzene 91 5.237 23260543 2.41% 43 Cyclohexene, 3-ethyl- 74 5.4 4272395 0.44% 44 p-Xylene 95 5.437 6458155 0.67% 45 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 87 5.481 8469845 0.88% 46 1-Nonene 96 5.874 11834079 1.23% 47 Benzene, 1,2-dimethyl- 90 5.918 6848773 0.71% 48 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 93 5.939 13186837 1.37% 49 Nonane 76 6.064 10900826 1.13% 50 Cyclohexene,3-propyl- 43 6.233 8018431 0.83% 51 Cyclopentene, 1-butyl- 58 7.154 5520010 0.57% 52 Benzene, propyl- 87 7.312 9306102 0.96% 53 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- 93 7.51 3473965 0.36% 54 Benzene, 1-ethyl-3-methyl- 90 7.536 5711135 0.59% 55 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- 95 7.915 5047547 0.52% 56 3-Octanone 46 8.1 3571585 0.37% 57 1-Decene 95 8.146 9574959 0.99% 58 2-Octanone 91 8.194 5352170 0.55% 59 Benzene, 1,2,3-trimethyl- 70 8.225 12169569 1.26% 60 Decane 90 8.344 5673213 0.59% 61 4-Decene 59 8.497 2826715 0.29% 62 Spiro[4.4]non-1-ene 58 8.607 3194768 0.33% 63 Benzene, 1-ethenyl-2-methyl- 64 9.164 12660018 1.31% 64 Benzene, 1-propynyl 53 9.44 5161346 0.54% 65 Benzene, butyl- 80 9.635 12936600 1.34% 66 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-propyl- 42 9.894 2832793 0.29% 67 Benzene, (2-methyl-1-propenyl)- 81 10.304 5380413 0.56% 68 3-Nonanone 46 10.333 6503445 0.67% 69 1-Undecene 95 10.393 11489842 1.19% 70 2-Nonanone 81 10.489 2570343 0.27% 71 2-Nonanone 49 10.524 4923301 0.51% 72 Undecane 60 10.58 3949976 0.41% 73 5-Undecene 92 10.713 4015337 0.42% 74 4-Undecene, (E) 87 10.902 2158863 0.22% 75 1-Phenyl-1-butene 90 11.463 3916475 0.41% 76 Benzene, 1,3-diethyl-5-methyl- 72 11.585 4132783 0.43% 77 Benzene, 2-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl- 38 11.627 2597871 0.27% 78 Benzene, (1-methyl-2-cyclopropen-1- 83 11.678 11701521 1.21% yl) 79 Benzene, pentyl- 93 11.826 30342329 3.14% 80 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 76 11.926 9656848 1.00% 81 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(2- 68 12.059 7128354 0.74% methylpropyl) 82 Cyclododecane 90 12.529 16665432 1.73% 83 2-Decanone 55 12.63 9285296 0.96% 84 Dodecane 90 12.705 6621373 0.69% 85 1,4,7,10-Cyclododecatetraene 52 13.821 2974883 0.31% 86 Benzene, hexyl- 68 13.95 9958639 1.03% 87 Benzene, (1-methylpentyl)- 20 14.112 4796616 0.50% 88 1H-Cyclopropa[b]naphthalene, 70 14.219 6483344 0.67% 1a,2,7,7a-tetrahydro- 89 1-Tridecene 95 14.545 10757186 1.11% 90 11-Dodecen-2-one 50 14.653 5291769 0.55% 91 Tridecane 89 14.7 5776536 0.60% 92 Naphthalene, 1-methyl- 50 14.822 3605083 0.37% 93 Benzene, heptyl- 53 15.962 2759087 0.29% 94 1-Tetradecene 98 16.438 15387723 1.59% 95 3-Tetradecene, (Z) 58 16.69 4618343 0.48% 96 Naphthalene, 1,2-dihydro-3,5,8- 70 17.913 3913971 0.41% trimethyl 97 1-Pentadecene 99 18.232 6820324 0.71% 98 Pentadecane 91 18.361 6333163 0.66% 99 9-Methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 50 19.62 5059464 0.52% 100 Cyclooctene, 1,2-dimethyl- 86 19.69 2735971 0.28% 101 1-Hexadecene 95 19.926 4458218 0.46% 102 5-Eicosene, (E) 81 21.534 1631849 0.17% 103 3-Heptene, 7-phenyl- 43 22.953 4871323 0.51% 104 2-Heptadecanone 96 24.655 583644351 6.05% 105 3-Octadecanone 90 25.975 15911534 1.65% 106 Cycloheptadecanone 68 27.062 14168732 1.47% 107 4-Tridecanone 52 27.114 6324625 0.66% 108 (2-Acetyl-5-methyl-cyclopentyl)-acetic 38 27.148 22271804 2.31% acid 109 2-Nonadecanone 97 27.396 23989164 2.49% 110 9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid, methyl 41 28.275 5267812 0.55% ester 111 5-Tridecanone 46 28.372 11319386 1.17% 112 3-Eicosanone 76 28.604 6183329 0.64% 113 6-Undecanone 43 29.588 3232453 0.34% 114 3-Heptene, 4-methoxy 38 30.755 3985305 0.41%

TABLE A7 Reaction conditions for the reaction of soybean oil with superheated water. Preheater Temperature Reactor Back Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore size, Setting point Setpoint Pressure No. Oil Type Type Surface Area (C) (° C.), (PSI) 81 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 82 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 83 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 84 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 85 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 86 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 453 450 3400 87 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 478 475 3400 88 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 478 475 3400 89 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 478 475 3400 90 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 478 475 3400 91 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 478 475 3400 92 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 478 475 3400 93 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 94 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 95 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 96 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 97 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 98 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 423 420 3400 99 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 423 420 3400 100 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 433 430 3400 101 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 433 430 3400 102 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 433 430 3400 103 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 433 430 3400 104 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 350 350 3500 105 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 350 350 3500 106 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 350 350 3500 107 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 350 350 3500 108 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 109 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 110 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 111 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 112 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 113 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 114 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 115 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 116 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 117 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 118 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 119 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 488 485 3500 120 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 488 485 3500 121 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 488 485 3500 122 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 488 485 3500 123 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 488 485 3500 124 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 488 485 3500 125 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 126 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 127 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 128 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 129 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 130 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 131 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 132 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 133 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 134 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 530 3800 135 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 530 3800 136 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 530 3900 137 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 530 4000 138 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 530 4100 139 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 530 4300 140 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 530 4500 141 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 142 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 143 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 144 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 145 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 146 Soybean Oil NONE NA 515 515 3500 147 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 410 3500 148 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 410 3500 149 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 410 3500 150 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 410 3500 151 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 410 3500 152 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 410 3500 153 Soybean Oil NONE NA 450 450 3500 154 Soybean Oil NONE NA 450 450 3500 155 Soybean Oil NONE NA 450 450 3500 156 Soybean Oil NONE NA 450 450 3500 157 Soybean Oil NONE NA 450 450 3500 158 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 560 560 3400 159 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 560 560 3400 160 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 555 560 3500 161 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 555 560 3500 162 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 555 560 3500 163 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 555 560 3500 164 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 510 505 3500 165 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 3500 166 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 3550 167 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 3550 168 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 3550 169 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 3550 170 Soybean Oil NONE NA 550 550 3500 171 Soybean Oil NONE NA 550 550 3500 172 Soybean Oil NONE NA 550 550 3500 173 Soybean Oil NONE NA 550 550 3500 174 Soybean Oil NONE NA 550 550 3500

TABLE A8 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table 1. Water Total Set-up Actual Oil Flow Production Flow Flow rate Rate Acid Rate (fuel Exp. No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) Number g/min) 82 5.557 2.063 7.620 1.38 0.84 83 5.557 2.063 7.620 1.93 0.81 84 5.557 2.063 7.620 18.49 0.88 85 5.557 2.063 7.620 48.15 0.94 89 5.557 2.063 7.620 168 1.61 90 5.557 2.063 7.620 140 1.56 91 5.557 2.063 7.620 168 1.58 92 5.557 2.063 7.620 170 1.55 94 5.557 2.063 7.620 40.37 1.41 95 5.557 2.063 7.620 39.45 1.38 96 5.557 2.063 7.620 39.52 1.39 97 5.557 2.063 7.620 37.37 1.41 99 6.9 2.063 8.963 203 1.64 100 6.9 2.063 8.963 203 1.63 101 6.9 2.063 8.963 215 1.61 102 6.9 2.063 8.963 202 1.66 103 6.9 2.063 8.963 208 1.62 105 5.557 2.063 7.620 212.36 1.69 106 5.557 2.063 7.620 201.7 1.66 107 5.557 2.063 7.620 199.6 1.7 108 2.778 1.031 3.809 2.98 0.615 109 2.778 1.031 3.809 3.03 0.616 110 2.778 1.031 3.809 3.11 0.618 111 2.778 1.031 3.809 3.13 0.611 112 2.778 1.031 3.809 3.42 0.627 114 2.778 1.031 3.809 3.64 0.615 115 2.778 1.031 3.809 4.14 0.61 116 2.778 1.031 3.809 4.8 0.611 120 3.9 1.03 4.930 112 0.77 121 3.9 1.03 4.930 114 0.76 122 3.9 1.03 4.930 114 0.73 123 3.9 1.03 4.930 114 0.75 124 3.9 1.03 4.930 114 0.73 126 2.778 1.031 3.809 8.638 0.618 127 2.778 1.031 3.809 11.356 0.614 128 2.778 1.031 3.809 15.115 0.612 130 8.98 3.334 12.314 166 2.405 131 8.98 3.334 12.314 168 2.31 132 8.98 3.334 12.314 166 2.33 133 8.98 3.334 12.314 169 2.32 135 3.9 1.803 5.703 6.4 0.5 136 3.9 1.803 5.703 2.1 0.5 137 3.9 1.803 5.703 3 0.49 138 3.9 1.803 5.703 3.1 0.49 139 3.9 1.803 5.703 3.8 0.49 142 4.49 1.666 6.156 152.3 1.04 143 4.49 1.666 6.156 151 1.1 144 4.49 1.666 6.156 153.7 1.02 145 4.49 1.666 6.156 153.68 1.08 146 4.49 1.666 6.156 153.7 1.01 148 3.9 1.803 5.703 202 0.8 149 3.9 1.803 5.703 199 0.83 150 3.9 1.803 5.703 201 0.81 151 3.9 1.803 5.703 199 0.81 152 3.9 1.803 5.703 201 0.81 154 4.49 1.666 6.156 176.35 1.31 155 4.49 1.666 6.156 174.47 1.29 156 4.49 1.666 6.156 172.62 1.43 157 4.49 1.666 6.156 171.08 1.46 159 3.2 1.803 5.003 0.1887 0.42 160 3.2 1.803 5.003 0.4157 0.42 161 3.2 1.803 5.003 0.5828 0.42 162 3.2 1.803 5.003 0.7189 0.42 163 3.2 1.803 5.003 1.3671 0.43 165 6.6 2.713 9.313 20.8 0.96 166 6.6 2.713 9.313 22.7 0.98 167 6.6 2.713 9.313 24.9 0.98 168 6.6 2.713 9.313 27 0.98 169 6.6 2.713 9.313 26.4 0.99 171 6.096 1.558 7.654 103.71 0.695 172 6.096 1.558 7.654 99 0.721 173 6.096 1.558 7.654 100.04 0.675 174 6.096 1.558 7.654 99.9 0.715

TABLE A13 Reaction conditions for different feedstocks with superheated water. Preheater Reactor Temperature Setpoint Back Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore Setting point (° C.), Pressure No. Oil Type Type size, Surface Area (C) T2 (PSI) 179 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 462 462 3500 180 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 462 462 3500 181 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 462 462 3500 182 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 462 462 3500 183 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 462 462 3500 184 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 462 462 3500 185 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 518 515 3500 186 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 518 515 3500 187 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 518 515 3500 188 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 518 515 3500 189 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 520 517 3500 190 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 518 517 3500 191 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 192 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 193 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 194 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 195 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 196 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 197 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 198 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 199 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 200 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 201 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 202 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 519 515 3500 203 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 515 3500 204 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 515 3500 205 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 515 3500 206 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 515 3500 207 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 515 3500 208 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 515 3500 209 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 450 450 3500 210 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 460 458 3500 211 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 460 458 3500 212 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 460 458 3500 213 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 460 458 3500 214 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 461 460 3500 215 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 216 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 217 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 218 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 219 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 220 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 221 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 516 3500 222 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 516 3500 223 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 506 3500 224 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3500 225 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 520 520 3500 226 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 507 506 3500 227 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 3500 228 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 525 3500 229 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 410 3500 230 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 411 410 3500 231 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 411 410 3500 232 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 409 408 3500 233 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 409 408 3500 234 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 408 408 3500 235 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 400 400 3500 236 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 400 400 3500 237 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 400 400 3500 238 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 400 400 3500 239 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 495 3500 240 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 495 3500 241 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 492 492 3500 242 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 492 492 3500 243 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 492 492 3500 244 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 492 492 3500 245 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 246 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 247 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 248 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 249 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 453 454 3500 250 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 452 452 3500 251 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 452 452 3500 252 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 452 452 3500 253 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 452 452 3500 254 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 452 452 3500 255 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 256 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 257 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 258 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 259 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 260 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 261 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 262 Biodiesel Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 263 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 411 409 3500 264 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 411 409 3500 265 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 405 406 3500 266 Cargill Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 FS201201092100 267 Cargill Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 FS201201092100 268 Cargill Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 FS201201092100 269 Cargill Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 FS201201092100 270 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 411 3500 271 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 413 3500 272 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 413 3500 273 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 413 3500 274 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 413 3500 275 Glycerol/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 413 3500 276 Cargill Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 FS201201092100 277 Cargill Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 FS201201092100 278 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3600 279 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 498 498 3600 280 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 497 497 3600 281 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 497 497 3600 282 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 497 497 3600 283 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 497 497 3550 284 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 285 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 286 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 287 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 288 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 289 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3500 290 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 495 3500 291 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 496 3500 292 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 496 3500 293 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 496 3500 294 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 496 3500 295 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 496 3500 296 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 297 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 298 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 299 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500 300 Hexadecane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 550 3500

TABLE A14 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table A13. Total Actual Actual Oil Flow Exp. Water Flow Flow rate Rate Acid Production Rate No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) Number (fuel g/min) 179 5.7 1.55 7.250 22.7 0.98 180 5.7 1.55 7.250 27 0.98 181 5.7 1.55 7.250 26.4 0.99 182 5.7 1.55 7.250 24.9 0.98 184 5.7 1.55 7.250 20.8 0.96 185 5.7 1.55 7.250 13.4 0.91 186 5.7 1.55 7.250 12.79 0.91 187 5.7 1.55 7.250 12.5 0.90 188 5.7 1.55 7.250 13.4 0.91 190 5.7 1.55 7.250 17.7 0.90 192 5.730 1.558 7.288 5.06 0.84 193 5.730 1.558 7.288 5.75 0.79 194 5.730 1.558 7.288 5.92 0.84 195 5.730 1.558 7.288 7.18 0.79 197 4.103 3.183 7.286 51.55 2.18 198 4.103 3.183 7.286 53.3 2.28 199 4.103 3.183 7.286 52.19 2.19 200 4.103 3.183 7.286 53.6 2.52 201 4.103 3.183 7.286 51.3 2.11 203 5.7 1.55 7.250 15.6 0.90 204 5.7 1.55 7.250 17.2 0.90 205 5.7 1.55 7.250 20.1 0.89 206 5.7 1.55 7.250 23.8 0.60 207 5.7 1.55 7.250 29.3 0.91 208 5.7 1.55 7.250 13.8 0.90 210 4.1 3.18 7.280 180.4 2.54 211 4.1 3.18 7.280 172.9 2.54 212 4.1 3.18 7.280 175.8 2.54 213 4.1 3.18 7.280 174 2.51 214 4.1 3.18 7.280 172.9 2.53 216 4.103 3.183 7.286 3.55 1.78 217 4.103 3.183 7.286 3.72 1.82 218 4.103 3.183 7.286 4.52 1.73 219 4.103 3.183 7.286 7 1.79 220 4.103 3.183 7.286 9.8 1.79 221 4.1 3.18 7.280 21 1.95 222 4.1 3.18 7.280 19.3 1.93 223 4.1 3.18 7.280 13.9 1.92 224 4.1 3.18 7.280 22.7 1.98 226 4.1 3.18 7.280 11.3 1.93 227 4.1 3.18 7.280 8.6 1.90 228 4.103 3.183 7.286 9.8 1.79 230 4.1 3.18 7.280 196.1 2.61 231 4.1 3.18 7.280 187.1 2.63 232 4.1 3.18 7.280 186.4 2.59 233 4.1 3.18 7.280 188.8 2.62 234 4.1 3.18 7.280 186.0 2.52 236 5.3862 1.5575 6.944 191.8 1.22 237 5.3862 1.5575 6.944 191.8 1.26 238 5.3862 1.5575 6.944 191.4 1.27 240 6.153 1.134 7.287 11.5 0.14 241 6.153 1.134 7.287 7.8 0.14 242 6.153 1.134 7.287 8.3 0.13 243 6.153 1.134 7.287 9.8 0.13 244 6.153 1.134 7.287 9.6 0.12 246 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 41.9 1.00 247 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 41.6 1.04 250 6.153 1.134 7.287 36.6 0.17 251 6.153 1.134 7.287 39.5 0.16 252 6.153 1.134 7.287 41.9 0.15 253 6.153 1.134 7.287 43.7 0.16 254 6.153 1.134 7.287 44.2 0.16 256 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 2.8 0.65 257 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 0.6 0.58 258 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 0.6 0.59 259 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 1.1 0.54 260 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 1.9 0.55 267 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 29.3 1.04 268 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 27.9 0.95 269 5.63906 1.6485 7.288 27.5 0.96 271 6.153 1.134 7.287 94.1 0.06 272 6.153 1.134 7.287 95.4 0.05 273 6.153 1.134 7.287 90.6 0.05 274 6.153 1.134 7.287 85.4 0.03 275 6.153 1.134 7.287 86.7 0.03 278 5.6 1.65 7.250 279 5.6 1.65 7.250 37.3 1.09 280 5.6 1.65 7.250 41.3 1.09 281 5.6 1.65 7.250 40.8 1.09 282 5.6 1.65 7.250 39.4 1.09 283 5.6 1.65 7.250 39.2 1.10 287 5.63906 1.65725 7.296 0.5 1.01 288 5.63906 1.65725 7.296 0.2 1.14 289 5.63906 1.65725 7.296 0.1 1.13 291 5.6 1.65 7.250 57.7 1.08 292 5.6 1.65 7.250 57.3 1.07 293 5.6 1.65 7.250 57.0 1.10 294 5.6 1.65 7.250 58.4 1.09 295 5.6 1.65 7.250 53.9 1.08 297 5.63906 1.65725 7.296 0.5 1.05 298 5.63906 1.65725 7.296 0.0 0.99 299 5.63906 1.65725 7.296 0.0 1.04 300 5.63906 1.65725 7.296 0.0 1.04

TABLE A15 GC-MS results for the decomposition of glycerol at 500° C. in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide. % % of Peak # Peak Name Probability RT Area Total 1 1,1′-Biphenyl, 2-methoxy- 35 0.1652 68730060 0.77% 2 Acetone 80 1.388 82391866 0.92% 3 Cyclopentene 58 1.5548 13336618 0.15% 4 2-Butanone 80 1.7044 324583830 3.62% 5 Cyclopentene,3-methylene- 76 1.9652 15587398 0.17% 6 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1- 76 1.9994 12104691 0.13% methyl- 7 1,4-Pentadiene, 2-methyl- 91 2.0465 23305622 0.26% 8 2-Butanone, 3-methyl- 72 2.1021 205282712 2.29% 9 Ethylidenecyclobutane 90 2.2944 11182853 0.12% 10 2-Pentanone 90 2.3543 159911656 1.78% 11 Propanal, 2,2-dimethyl- 40 2.4697 275095035 3.07% 12 Cyclopentene, 4,4-dimethyl- 49 2.504 18818962 0.21% 13 1,3,5-Hexatriene, 3- 93 3.0128 60082323 0.67% methyl-, (Z)- 14 1,3,5-Hexatriene, 3- 94 3.0683 13841706 0.15% methyl-, (Z)- 15 Cyclopentane, 1,3- 90 3.1197 13495983 0.15% bis(methylene)- 16 3-Pentanone, 2-methyl- 59 3.1581 170764586 1.90% 17 2-Pentanone, 3-methyl- 68 3.1881 86664646 0.97% 18 Cyclopentane, ethylidene- 91 3.2265 34401485 0.38% 19 Toluene 93 3.4018 37998768 0.42% 20 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 90 3.4446 24664642 0.27% 21 3-Hexanone 72 3.7182 176313453 1.97% 22 Oxirane, 2-methyl-2-(1- 64 3.7995 145693105 1.62% methylethyl)- 23 3-Methylene-cyclohexene 87 3.9876 33221503 0.37% 24 Cyclopentene, 1,2,3- 87 4.1415 18625610 0.21% trimethyl- 25 Octa-2,4,6-triene 93 4.6375 20233263 0.23% 26 Methyl ethyl cyclopentene 50 4.6845 22555385 0.25% 27 3-Hexanone, 2-methyl- 58 4.7016 37166463 0.41% 28 Cyclopentanone, 2-methyl- 81 4.7615 151118351 1.68% 29 2,4,6-Octatriene, all-E- 91 4.8171 51940834 0.58% 30 2-Hexanone, 3-methyl- 30 4.8812 138653956 1.55% 31 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 5,6- 90 5.1506 24903318 0.28% dimethyl- 32 Ethylbenzene 90 5.1976 26608910 0.30% 33 Cyclopentene, 1,2- 91 5.2831 33535080 0.37% dimethyl-4-methylene- 34 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 95 5.3601 56270909 0.63% 35 1-Methoxycyclohexane 53 5.4541 34220175 0.38% 36 Cyclopentanone, 2,5- 95 5.6551 21245195 0.24% dimethyl- 37 3-Heptanone 80 5.7619 116366363 1.30% 38 2-Heptanone 49 5.8517 43900707 0.49% 39 Benzene, 1,2-dimethyl- 86 5.8774 54029234 0.60% 40 Cyclohexanone, 3-methyl- 50 6.0014 24323022 0.27% 41 Cyclopentene, 3- 94 6.0741 32622249 0.36% ethylidene-1-methyl- 42 Cyclopentene, 3- 94 6.1083 39608668 0.44% ethylidene-1-methyl- 43 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2- 90 6.2023 19773072 0.22% methyl- 44 Cyclopentene,1-(2- 43 6.2451 21995408 0.25% propenyl)- 45 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2- 93 6.2836 51182079 0.57% methyl- 46 3,3-Dimethyl-6- 90 6.6555 18446988 0.21% methylenecyclohexene 47 Ethanone, 1-cyclopentyl- 93 6.7069 82519120 0.92% 48 Spiro[4.4]non-1-ene 35 6.7667 37925517 0.42% 49 Cyclopentanone, 2-ethyl- 81 6.8993 116392620 1.30% 50 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5,5- 50 7.0147 28851155 0.32% dimethyl-1-ethyl- 51 1,6-Dimethylhepta-1,3,5- 83 7.0916 99567873 1.11% triene 52 Silane, (4-methylphenyl)- 27 7.2627 20646835 0.23% 53 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- 94 7.4337 42101597 0.47% 54 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5,5- 93 7.5962 18433508 0.21% dimethyl-2-ethyl- 55 4-Octanone 93 7.7202 15384943 0.17% 56 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- 86 7.8527 12176679 0.14% 57 Phenol 93 8.0537 448357881 5.00% 58 3-Octanone 38 8.1477 40447563 0.45% 59 Benzene, ethenylmethyl- 91 8.1948 22508683 0.25% 60 Cyclohexene, 1,2- 76 8.3786 45249701 0.50% dimethyl- 61 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 6- 70 8.4812 62141197 0.69% isopropylidene- 62 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5,5- 93 8.6608 37939860 0.42% dimethyl-2-ethyl- 63 Furan, 2,3-dihydro-3-(1- 53 8.8532 43456746 0.48% methylpropyl)- 64 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5,5- 45 9.0028 18247561 0.20% dimethyl-2-propyl- 65 Benzene, cyclopropyl- 64 9.1012 69139770 0.77% 66 Furan, 2,3-dihydro-4- 46 9.2166 57362157 0.64% methyl- 67 Benzene, 1-propynyl- 94 9.3107 29701111 0.33% 68 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2,3- 64 9.4518 18981775 0.21% dimethyl- 69 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2,3- 64 9.486 35632733 0.40% dimethyl- 70 Phenol, 2-methyl- 95 9.7211 949156871 10.58% 71 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 93 9.8793 57702723 0.64% 2,3,4-trimethyl- 72 Acetophenone 93 9.9392 35210313 0.39% 73 Phenol, 3-methyl- 93 10.1359 200058163 2.23% 74 Indan, 1-methyl- 70 10.2513 55623506 0.62% 75 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2- 53 10.4095 29479406 0.33% pentyl- 76 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 87 10.4437 47176740 0.53% 2,3,4-trimethyl- 77 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 78 10.5848 20222665 0.23% octahydro- 78 Phenol, 2,6-dimethyl- 93 10.7558 191958719 2.14% 79 Benzene, (1-methyl-1- 89 11.2646 696077 0.01% propenyl)-, (E)- 80 Benzene, 2-butenyl- 64 11.41 31493857 0.35% 81 Phenol, 2-ethyl- 94 11.4656 311978278 3.48% 82 1H-Indene, 3-methyl- 95 11.6195 70286008 0.78% 83 Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl- 97 11.7007 235622333 2.63% 84 2-Methoxy-5-methylphenol 58 11.7948 29787524 0.33% 85 1H-Pyrazole, 1,3,5- 49 11.8247 18887501 0.21% trimethyl- 86 1-Propanone, 1-phenyl- 64 12.0342 17654486 0.20% 87 Phenol, 2-ethyl- 81 12.0727 25950441 0.29% 88 Phenol, 3-ethyl- 94 12.124 74045943 0.83% 89 Phenol, 2,6-dimethyl- 81 12.1625 18372117 0.20% 90 Ethanone, 1-(3- 95 12.2095 36921975 0.41% methylphenyl)- 91 Phenol, 2,3-dimethyl- 96 12.2907 84252888 0.94% 92 Phenol, 2-ethyl-5-methyl- 91 12.4019 114022565 1.27% 93 2-Ethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H- 43 12.5516 47596737 0.53% indene 94 Phenol, 3,4-dimethyl- 64 12.6328 68594366 0.76% 95 Phenol, 2,4,6-trimethyl- 93 12.8124 38383737 0.43% 96 1H-Benzimidazole, 5,6- 64 12.8851 32351462 0.36% dimethyl- 97 Phenol, 4-propyl- 56 13.1844 103241581 1.15% 98 Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 70 13.2656 29754090 0.33% 3,7,7-trimethyl-, [1S- (1.alpha.,3.beta.,6.alpha.)]- 99 Phenol, 2-ethyl-5-methyl- 90 13.3169 47205219 0.53% 100 Phenol, 2-ethyl-6-methyl- 90 13.3853 77636902 0.87% 101 Phenol, 2-ethyl-6-methyl- 91 13.5264 61927143 0.69% 102 Phenol, 3-ethyl-5-methyl- 87 13.6162 51762522 0.58% 103 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 89 13.8086 19277637 0.21% 104 Benzene, 1-ethyl-4- 53 13.9582 90706667 1.01% methoxy- 105 2-Methyl-6-propylphenol 70 14.0737 50932230 0.57% 106 Phenol, 3,4,5-trimethyl- 76 14.1036 54909256 0.61% 107 Isobutyrophenone 87 14.1934 68722927 0.77% 108 Thymol 81 14.3046 10786793 0.12% 109 Ethanone, 1-(3,4- 91 14.3516 29836980 0.33% dimethylphenyl)- 110 Phenol, 2,4,6-trimethyl- 76 14.792 17612340 0.20% 111 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 56 14.9074 40110393 0.45% tetrahydro-6-methyl- 112 2,5-Diethylphenol 90 14.9758 13697710 0.15% 113 Phenol, 4-(1- 64 15.0271 15646496 0.17% methylpropyl)- 114 Benzaldehyde, 4-ethyl- 70 15.0955 77874274 0.87% 115 1H-Inden-1-ol, 2,3-dihydro- 86 15.5231 52254948 0.58% 116 Phenol, 2,3,5,6- 64 15.6257 25597897 0.29% tetramethyl- 117 Phenol, 2,3,5,6- 50 15.6642 24880383 0.28% tetramethyl- 118 Ethanone, 1-(3,4- 60 15.7241 22944346 0.26% dimethylphenyl)- 119 Ethanone, 1-(2,4- 35 15.878 48759763 0.54% dimethylphenyl)- 120 Phenol, 2,3,5,6- 60 15.9421 24782597 0.28% tetramethyl- 121 1,2,3-Trimethylindene 60 16.1516 23252089 0.26% 122 6-Methyl-4-indanol 74 16.3782 41626430 0.46% 123 Ethanone, 1-(3,4- 46 16.4637 38146998 0.43% dimethylphenyl)- 124 2-Propanamine, N- 55 16.7245 20310916 0.23% (phenylmethylene)- 125 6-Methyl-4-indanol 93 16.9169 23560576 0.26% 126 6-Methyl-4-indanol 81 16.9725 65122189 0.73% 127 Phenol, p-(2-methylallyl)- 55 17.1435 20610489 0.23% 128 1H-Inden-1-ol, 2,3-dihydro- 55 17.2205 71671324 0.80% 2-methyl- 129 Benzene, hexamethyl- 68 17.4556 24861329 0.28% 130 6-Methyl-4-indanol 90 17.5155 37477749 0.42% 131 benzene, hexamethyl- 70 17.6053 21156545 0.24% 132 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1- 64 17.7207 32920600 0.37% methyl-2-propenyl)- 133 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1- 83 17.8062 15380359 0.17% methyl-2-propenyl)- 134 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl-4,5- 74 18.345 25333142 0.28% dimethyl- 135 Pyrazine, trimethyl-1- 58 19.1317 27906477 0.31% propenyl-, (Z)- 136 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene, 60 20.098 20060237 0.22% 2,4-diethyl-7,7-dimethyl- 137 1-Naphthalenol, 2-methyl- 64 20.3631 17024482 0.19% 138 1-Naphthalenol, 2-methyl- 58 20.4272 11763181 0.13% 139 1-Naphthalenol, 2-methyl- 35 20.8462 34444468 0.38% 140 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 64 20.9574 23707683 0.26% tetrahydro-1,5,7-trimethyl-

TABLE A19 GC-MS results for the decomposition of oleic at 500° C. in supercritical water over zirconium dioxide. % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 5- 50 1.288 20848003 0.11% hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl- 2 1-Pentene 68 1.401 60079414 0.31% 3 1-Hexene 91 1.682 137923603 0.71% 4 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- 90 2.063 29625271 0.15% 5 Cyclohexene 93 2.308 21023520 0.11% 6 1-Heptene 96 2.392 116302998 0.60% 7 Heptane 91 2.481 70468318 0.36% 8 Cyclohexane, methyl- 93 2.771 25490040 0.13% 9 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 90 3.461 45924650 0.24% 10 1-Octene 97 3.812 75414732 0.39% 11 Octane 94 3.966 43749797 0.23% 12 1-Nonene 97 5.855 70489887 0.36% 13 Nonane 91 6.041 27427034 0.14% 14 Cyclopentene, 1-butyl- 74 7.114 24107294 0.12% 15 2-Octanone 45 8.13 77694939 0.40% 16 Decane 93 8.316 35692083 0.18% 17 4-Decene 95 8.452 53411179 0.27% 18 Cyclopentene, 1-pentyl- 74 9.388 31214621 0.16% 19 Cyclodecene, (Z)- 93 9.789 19101413 0.10% 20 1-Undecene 97 10.374 111868177 0.58% 21 3-Undecene, (E)- 90 10.504 24198976 0.12% 22 Undecane 70 10.558 29419137 0.15% 23 5-Undecene 98 10.68 99398410 0.51% 24 5-Undecene, (E)- 94 10.864 44970006 0.23% 25 Cyclodecene, (E)- 80 11.114 30631826 0.16% 26 Pentylidenecyclohexane 72 11.451 51902641 0.27% 27 Pentylidenecyclohexane 72 11.655 62796825 0.32% 28 Undeca-2E,4E-diene 95 11.753 55068126 0.28% 29 Undeca-2E,4E-diene 96 11.874 62102002 0.32% 30 1-Dodecene 95 12.51 108293821 0.56% 31 2-Dodecene, (Z)- 96 12.792 18638972 0.10% 32 Cyclodecene, (Z)- 87 13.208 40694731 0.21% 33 5,7-Dodecadiene, (E,E)- 52 13.476 54626514 0.28% 34 7-Hexadecyne 59 13.587 15202926 0.08% 35 5,7-Dodecadiene, (E,E)- 68 13.666 42462388 0.22% 36 2,4-Dodecadiene, (E,Z)- 87 13.822 65028241 0.33% 37 2,4-Dodecadiene, (E,Z)- 90 13.922 47156330 0.24% 38 2-Tridecene, (E)- 93 14.526 23754715 0.12% 39 4-Cyclononen-1-one 76 15.184 29387384 0.15% 40 Cyclopentene, 1-octyl- 95 15.697 14950213 0.08% 41 (8E,10E)-Dodecadienal 72 15.757 14014599 0.07% 42 2-Tetradecene, (E)- 98 16.423 29750031 0.15% 43 Phenol, 4-pentyl- 64 16.957 23125469 0.12% 44 Cyclopentene, 1-pentyl- 68 17.575 43068445 0.22% 45 Cyclohexene, 1-octyl- 90 17.79 32253708 0.17% 46 2-n-Hexylphenol 78 18.216 30049154 0.15% 47 Heptylcyclohexane 70 18.725 53839533 0.28% 48 Cycloundecene, 1- 83 19.241 42278056 0.22% methyl- 49 Cyclododecanemethanol 46 19.323 30291538 0.16% 50 Z-1,6-Tridecadiene 94 19.503 30223652 0.16% 51 5-Nonadecen-1-ol 91 19.608 134224489 0.69% 52 1-Hexadecene 96 19.682 120097089 0.62% 53 Cyclopentane, 1,1,3- 38 19.917 41329284 0.21% trimethyl- 54 9-Eicosyne 91 20.004 21691426 0.11% 55 Naphthalene, 89 21.172 52095979 0.27% decahydro-, cis- 56 8-Heptadecene 98 21.276 71655533 0.37% 57 1,9-Tetradecadiene 48 21.378 36362097 0.19% 58 2-Heptadecanone 94 21.637 21636912 0.11% 59 n-Hexadecanoic acid 97 24.644 33180227 0.17% 60 4-Nonylphenol 41 25.566 31534562 0.16% 61 (2-Acetyl-5-methyl- 49 26.847 83931822 0.43% cyclopentyl)-acetic acid 62 (2-Acetyl-5-methyl- 46 27.115 671281363 3.45% cyclopentyl)-acetic acid 63 2-Nonadecanone 99 27.222 783104573 4.02% 64 (3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6- 41 27.412 108583010 0.56% dienylthio)benzene 65 d-Tyrosine 38 27.768 66956757 0.34% 66 9-Octadecenoic acid, 99 27.87 95647090 0.49% (E)- 67 1-Nonadecene 38 28.112 708214988 3.64% 68 E,E,Z-1,3,12- 60 28.285 205730039 1.06% Nonadecatriene-5,14- diol 69 3-Eicosanone 53 28.376 166852249 0.86% 70 1-Propen-3-imine, N- 30 28.604 22980595 0.12% cyclohexyl-, N-oxide 71 Cyclopropane, 1-(1- 43 29.399 37441482 0.19% hydroxy-1-heptyl)-2- methylene-3-pentyl- 72 12-Methyl-E,E-2,13- 50 30.57 77260089 0.40% octadecadien-1-ol 73 1-Pentacosanol 38 31.695 158820834 0.82% 74 Cyclohexane, 1,1′- 42 32.733 130353666 0.67% dodecylidenebis[4- methyl- 75 1-Hexacosene 40 32.793 133610143 0.69% 76 1-Cyclohexylnonene 91 33.831 105227283 0.54% 77 [1,2′-Binaphthalene]- 38 34.808 64103614 0.33% 5,5′,8,8′-tetrone, 1′,4- dihydroxy-2,3′-dimethyl-, (−)- 78 Cyclohexaneethanol, 4- 30 35.837 55096051 0.28% methyl-.beta.-methylene-, trans- 79 Anthracene, 9,10- 27 36.804 58221067 0.30% dihydro-9,9,10-trimethyl- 80 2-Butoxy-6-(4-nitro- 38 40.39 27198637 0.14% phenyl)-naphthalene 81 E-11-Methyl-12- 25 41.197 291613012 1.50% tetradecen-1-ol acetate 82 Cyclopropaneundecanal, 45 41.32 58611252 0.30% 2-nonyl- 83 2,4-Cyclohexadien-1- 30 42.01 363789452 1.87% one, 3,5-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)-4- hydroxy- 84 Butanedioic acid, 38 42.204 136162754 0.70% (triphenylphosphoranylidene)-, dimethyl ester 85 9,26- 90 42.931 11290126433 57.98% Pentatriacontadien-18- one 86 1,3- 25 43.358 417045308 2.14% Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene 87 1,3- 89 43.642 183428184 0.94% Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene

TABLE A21 Reaction conditions for the reaction of soybean oil with superheated water. Preheater Reactor Temperature Inlet Back Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore Setting point Temp. Pressure No. Oil Type Type size, Surface Area (° C.) (° C.), T2 (PSI) 301 Lecithin Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 302 Lecithin/Hexane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 303 Lecithin/Hexane Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 304 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 305 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 306 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 307 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 308 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 309 10% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 412 405 3400 Glucose 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 310 10% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 412 414 3500 Glucose 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 311 10% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 410 409 3500 Glucose 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 312 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 547 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 313 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 556 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 314 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 315 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 316 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 317 Corn Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 318 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 558 553 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 319 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 558 556 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 320 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 553 552 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 321 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 553 552 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 322 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 553 552 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 323 Oleic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 553 552 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 324 UCO- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 FS2012020 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 708 325 UCO- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 FS2012020 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 709 326 UCO- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 FS2012020 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 710 327 UCO- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 FS2012020 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 711 328 UCO- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 FS2012020 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 708 329 UCO- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 FS2012020 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 709 330 UCO- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 FS2012020 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 710 331 UCO- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 FS2012020 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 711 332 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 516 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 333 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 516 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 334 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 517 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 335 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 517 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 336 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 517 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 337 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 517 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 338 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 517 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 339 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 517 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 340 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 341 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 342 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 343 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 344 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 521 512 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 345 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 514 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 346 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 514 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 347 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 521 519 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 348 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 521 519 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 349 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 521 519 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 350 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 351 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 352 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 353 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 354 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 355 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 514 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 356 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 514 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 357 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 514 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 358 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 514 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 359 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 514 4000 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 360 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 515 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 361 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 515 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 362 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 521 516 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 363 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 521 516 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 364 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 520 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 365 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 520 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 366 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 536 526 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 367 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 368 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 369 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 370 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 371 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 513 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 372 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 513 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 373 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 514 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 374 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 514 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 375 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 515 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 376 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 515 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 377 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 515 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 378 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 522 515 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 379 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 522 516 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 380 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 528 520 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 381 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 528 521 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 382 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 532 525 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 383 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 384 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 385 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 386 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 387 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 521 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 388 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 522 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 389 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 517 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 390 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 517 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 391 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 517 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 392 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 516 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 393 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 516 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 394 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 395 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 396 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 397 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 398 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 525 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 399 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 517 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 400 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 516 517 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 401 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 517 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 402 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 516 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 403 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 404 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 405 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 406 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 407 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 408 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 409 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 410 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 411 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 412 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 413 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 414 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 518 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 415 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 416 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 417 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 418 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 520 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 419 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 503 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 420 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 505 514 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 421 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 505 516 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 422 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 505 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 423 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 424 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 425 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 521 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 426 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 513 527 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 427 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 513 529 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 428 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 516 531 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 429 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 499 514 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 430 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 499 514 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 431 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 432 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 433 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 516 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 434 Bio-Oil/H2O Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 Mix 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 435 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 497 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 436 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 497 518 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 437 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 497 519 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 438 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 499 522 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 439 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 499 524 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 440 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 503 527 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 441 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 503 529 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 442 Bio- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 Oil/Soybean 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Mix 443 Bio- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 Oil/Soybean 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Mix 444 Bio- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 Oil/Soybean 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Mix 445 Bio- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 Oil/Soybean 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Mix 446 70% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 Octanoic/30% 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Stearic 447 70% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 Octanoic/30% 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Stearic 448 70% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 Octanoic/30% 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Stearic 449 70% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 543 3500 Octanoic/30% 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Stearic 450 70% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 Octanoic/30% 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Stearic 451 70% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 Octanoic/30% 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g Stearic 452 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 496 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 453 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 510 496 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 454 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 511 500 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 455 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 511 500 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 456 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 511 500 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 457 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 560 551 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 458 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 554 550 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 459 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 553 551 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 460 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 552 550 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 461 Octanoic Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 552 550 3500 Acid 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 462 25% Acetone/ Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 75% H2O 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 463 25% Acetone/ Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 75% H2O 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 464 25% Acetone/ Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 75% H2O 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 465 25% Acetone/ Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 75% H2O 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 466 Acetone Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 410 395 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 467 25% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 414 397 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 468 50% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 414 400 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 469 50% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 414 402 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 470 75% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 409 401 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 471 Acetone Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 407 402 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 472 25% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 473 450 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 473 50% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 457 450 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 474 75% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 454 449 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 475 Acetone Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 453 450 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 476 Acetone Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 350 348 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 477 90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 350 348 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 478 95% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 350 350 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 479 Acetone Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 350 362 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 480 Acetone Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 360 380 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 481 95% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 375 377 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 482 90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 375 376 3500 Acetone 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 483 3% Lecithin Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 519 500 3500 in Soybean 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 484 3% Lecithin Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 519 500 3500 in Soybean 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 485 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 520 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 486 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 524 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 487 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 524 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 488 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 523 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 489 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 522 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 490 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 530 556 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 491 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 535 555 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 492 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 526 551 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 493 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 526 552 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 494 1-Octanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 526 552 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 495 Ethanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 493 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 496 Ethanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 497 Ethanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 498 Ethanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 400 398 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 499 Ethanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 400 398 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 Ethanol Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 400 400 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 501 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 502 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 503 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 350 350 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 504 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 250 250 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 270 270 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 506 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 300 300 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 507 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 350 350 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 508 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 350 350 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 509 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 350 350 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 510 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 500 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 511 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 530 503 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 512 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 502 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 513 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 502 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 514 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 503 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 400 400 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 516 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 400 400 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 450 450 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 518 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 450 450 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 519 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 450 450 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 520 Acetic Acid Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 450 450 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 521 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 559 536 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 522 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 559 536 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 523 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 558 537 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 524 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 558 538 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 558 539 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 526 Jatropha Blank NA 500 500 3500 527 Jatropha Blank NA 500 500 3500 528 Jatropha Blank NA 500 500 3500 529 Jatropha Blank NA 550 550 3500 530 Jatropha Blank NA 550 550 3500 531 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 508 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 532 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 510 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 533 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 512 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 534 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 512 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 512 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 536 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 512 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 537 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 512 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 538 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 522 510 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 539 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 528 524 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 540 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 531 519 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 541 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 547 527 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 542 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 547 527 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 543 Jatropha Blank NA 550 550 3500 544 Jatropha Blank NA 550 550 3500 545 Jatropha Blank NA 550 550 3500 546 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 512 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 547 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 512 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 548 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 511 4200 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 549 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 510 3700 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 550 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 510 3600 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 551 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 510 3800 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 552 Jatropha Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 501 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 553 Jatropha Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 500 501 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 554 Jatropha Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 555 Jatropha Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 550 550 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 556 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 557 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 558 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 559 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 525 512 3400 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 560 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 521 513 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 561 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 531 520 3400 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 562 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 531 521 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 563 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 537 527 3400 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 564 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 565 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 566 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/ 515 515 3500 30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g

TABLE A22 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table 1. Actual Actual Oil Total Flow Production Water Flow Flow rate Rate Acid Rate (fuel Exp. No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) Number g/min) 306 5.639 1.66 7.30 48.91 1.19 307 5.639 1.66 7.30 46.84 1.13 308 5.639 1.66 7.30 47.96 1.19 313 5.639 1.66 7.30 0.96 0.67 315 5.639 1.66 7.30 1.00 0.70 316 5.639 1.66 7.30 1.10 0.70 317 5.639 1.66 7.30 1.00 0.68 319 5.6 1.65 7.25 0.80 0.61 320 5.6 1.65 7.25 0.16 0.57 321 5.6 1.65 7.25 0.30 0.56 322 5.6 1.65 7.25 4.78 0.57 325 5.63906 1.65 7.29 40.26 1.10 326 5.63906 1.65 7.29 37.88 1.13 329 5.63906 1.65 7.29 1.73 0.75 330 5.63906 1.65 7.29 0.62 0.70 331 5.63906 1.65 7.29 0.95 0.74 334 5.55 2.06 7.61 5.74 1.21 335 5.55 2.06 7.61 6.87 1.22 336 5.55 2.06 7.61 7.92 1.25 337 5.55 2.06 7.61 8.93 1.17 338 5.55 2.06 7.61 11.14 1.21 339 5.55 2.06 7.61 13.38 1.20 341 5.557 2.06 7.62 8.20 1.29 342 5.557 2.06 7.62 8.91 1.22 344 5.55 2.06 7.61 31.43 1.27 345 5.55 2.06 7.61 26.75 1.26 346 5.55 2.06 7.61 29.80 1.25 347 5.55 2.06 7.61 29.80 1.23 348 5.55 2.06 7.61 42.00 1.23 349 5.55 2.06 7.61 57.10 1.23 351 5.557 2.06 7.62 7.45 1.26 352 5.557 2.06 7.62 8.33 1.32 353 5.557 2.06 7.62 9.53 1.28 354 5.557 2.06 7.62 11.37 1.32 360 5.55 2.06 7.61 9.60 1.24 368 5.557 2.06 7.62 10.28 1.32 369 5.557 2.06 7.62 18.43 1.33 375 5.6 2.06 7.66 8.90 1.22 378 5.6 2.06 7.66 8.90 1.21 379 5.6 2.06 7.66 10.80 1.21 380 5.6 2.06 7.66 7.20 1.16 381 5.6 2.06 7.66 10.60 1.16 382 5.6 2.06 7.66 7.00 1.12 384 5.557 2.06 7.62 3.76 1.23 385 5.557 2.06 7.62 4.89 1.23 386 5.557 2.06 7.62 6.68 1.15 393 5.6 2.06 7.66 20.81 1.24 395 5.557 2.06 7.62 34.00 1.29 397 2.8 2.06 4.86 18.48 1.23 398 2.8 2.06 4.86 25.71 1.22 404 2.8 2.06 4.86 8.19 1.27 405 2.8 2.06 4.86 8.97 1.23 408 2.8 2.06 4.86 13.33 1.25 409 2.8 2.06 4.86 24.27 1.27 410 2.8 2.06 4.86 35.58 1.27 412 5.557 2.06 7.62 31.92 1.36 414 5.557 2.06 7.62 26.59 1.29 416 5.557 2.06 7.62 16.82 1.31 417 5.557 2.06 7.62 18.28 1.31 421 5.6 2.06 7.66 16.50 1.20 424 5.6 2.06 7.66 8.70 1.17 425 5.6 2.06 7.66 11.20 1.16 426 5.6 2.06 7.66 7.30 1.09 427 5.6 2.06 7.66 9.20 1.06 428 5.6 2.06 7.66 11.00 1.02 430 5.6 2.06 7.66 8.40 1.17 431 5.6 2.06 7.66 9.00 1.17 432 5.6 2.06 7.66 9.10 1.16 433 5.6 2.06 7.66 9.10 1.14 436 5.6 2.06 7.66 7.80 1.21 437 5.6 2.06 7.66 9.70 1.19 438 5.6 2.06 7.66 11.30 1.15 439 5.6 2.06 7.66 20.40 1.14 440 5.6 2.06 7.66 27.90 1.08 441 5.6 2.06 7.66 58.30 1.13 444 5.557 2.06 7.62 41.00 1.39 445 5.557 2.06 7.62 26.69 1.13 453 5.8 1.54 7.34 274.00 0.84 454 5.8 1.54 7.34 273.00 0.84 455 5.8 1.54 7.34 249.00 0.83 456 5.8 1.54 7.34 250.00 0.87 458 5.8 1.54 7.34 5.72 0.85 459 5.8 1.54 7.34 6.10 0.85 460 5.8 1.54 7.34 8.43 0.86 461 5.8 1.54 7.34 8.90 0.85 484 5.6 2.06 7.66 82.35 1.39 486 5.8 1.54 7.34 23.90 1.02 487 5.8 1.54 7.34 23.50 1.02 488 5.8 1.54 7.34 26.50 1.04 489 5.8 1.54 7.34 26.80 1.05 491 5.8 1.54 7.34 1.00 0.76 492 5.8 1.54 7.34 1.27 0.80 493 5.8 1.54 7.34 1.48 0.82 494 5.8 1.54 7.34 1.92 0.82 511 5.6 2.06 7.66 11.10 1.25 512 5.6 2.06 7.66 12.35 1.26 513 5.6 2.06 7.66 12.20 1.16 514 5.6 2.06 7.66 13.93 1.26 516 0 5.25 5.25 823.76 4.74 518 0 5.25 5.25 261.17 2.28 522 5.8 2.06 7.86 2.57 0.96 523 5.8 2.06 7.86 3.07 0.97 524 5.8 2.06 7.86 24.90 1.00 525 5.8 2.06 7.86 93.10 1.11 528 5.999 2.06 8.06 174.95 1.43 532 5.8 2.06 7.86 21.28 1.30 533 5.8 2.06 7.86 18.86 1.29 534 5.8 2.06 7.86 21.00 1.28 535 5.8 2.06 7.86 21.43 1.26 537 5.8 2.06 7.86 12.33 1.26 538 5.8 2.06 7.86 15.16 1.27 539 5.8 2.06 7.86 5.97 1.21 540 5.8 2.06 7.86 5.97 1.21 541 5.8 2.06 7.86 3.23 1.13 542 5.8 2.06 7.86 4.01 1.31 547 5.8 2.06 7.86 10.18 1.20 548 5.8 2.06 7.86 8.20 1.20 549 5.8 2.06 7.86 8.94 1.18 550 5.8 2.06 7.86 8.91 1.20 551 5.8 2.06 7.86 8.26 1.20 553 5.999 2.06 8.06 80.12 1.45 555 5.999 2.06 8.06 8.59 1.09 557 5.999 2.06 8.06 27.70 1.17 559 5.8 2.06 7.86 6.37 1.19 560 5.8 2.06 7.86 10.52 1.21 561 5.8 2.06 7.86 5.99 1.15 562 5.8 2.06 7.86 8.54 1.12 563 5.8 2.06 7.86 8.61 1.09 565 5.999 2.06 8.06 2.69 1.27

TABLE A23 GC-MS data for the reaction of corn oil with water at 500° C. over zirconium dioxide (experiments 304-308). % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT (min) Total 1 2-Oxetanone, 4,4- 38 1.28 0.25% dimethyl- 2 Pentane 80 1.397 0.76% 3 1-Hexene 94 1.679 1.46% 4 1,4-Pentadiene, 2- 91 2.051 0.65% methyl- 5 1-Heptene 96 2.379 1.05% 6 Heptane 91 2.469 0.48% 7 2-Heptene 91 2.554 0.37% 8 Cyclohexane, methyl- 90 2.755 0.41% 9 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 91 2.983 0.26% 10 Cyclopentene, 1-ethyl- 72 3.224 0.30% 11 Toluene 81 3.417 0.86% 12 1-Octene 95 3.796 0.83% 13 Octane 87 3.952 0.60% 14 2-Octene, (E)- 96 4.081 0.39% 15 2-Octene, (Z)- 94 4.233 0.20% 16 Cyclohexane, 1,2- 92 4.475 0.33% dimethyl-, cis- 17 2,4-Octadiene 90 5.018 0.63% 18 p-Xylene 46 5.201 0.77% 19 1-Nonene 87 5.845 0.84% 20 Nonane 90 6.022 0.31% 21 2-Nonene, (E)- 86 6.166 0.47% 22 3,4-Octadiene, 7-methyl- 59 7.1 0.40% 23 Benzene, propyl- 81 7.251 0.44% 24 2-Octanone 90 8.122 1.30% 25 Decane 93 8.3 1.10% 26 Indane 42 9.11 0.26% 27 Benzene, butyl- 81 9.574 0.65% 28 Cyclopropane, 1-heptyl- 95 10.367 1.30% 2-methyl- 29 4-Undecene, (E)- 91 10.666 1.61% 30 5-Undecene 97 10.852 0.31% 31 Cyclopentene, 1-butyl- 59 11.108 0.35% 32 Benzene, pentyl- 91 11.794 2.96% 33 1-Dodecene 95 12.499 2.15% 34 Spiro[2.4]heptane, 1,5- 70 12.795 0.35% dimethyl-6-methylene- 35 Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane 76 13.188 0.20% 36 Tricyclo[3.2.1.0(2,4)]octane, 64 13.902 0.90% 3-methylene- 37 Nonanoic acid 83 14.353 0.66% 38 1-Tridecene 97 14.51 0.56% 39 Tridecane 97 14.672 0.44% 40 Benzene, heptyl- 60 15.899 0.22% 41 n-Decanoic acid 55 16.153 0.72% 42 1-Tetradecene 98 16.418 1.58% 43 Phenol, 2-pentyl- 74 16.961 0.22% 44 3,4-Octadiene, 7-methyl- 58 17.557 0.25% 45 Cyclohexene, 1-octyl- 64 17.773 1.09% 46 1-Pentadecene 99 18.2 1.08% 47 E-1,9-Tetradecadiene 94 19.588 2.46% 48 1-Hexadecene 99 19.896 0.84% 49 Tetradecanal 93 20.249 0.32% 50 Bicyclo[7.7.0]hexadec- 58 21.14 0.36% 1(9)-ene 51 Z,Z-8,10-Hexadecadien- 86 21.249 0.64% 1-ol 52 2-Undecanone, 6,10- 45 21.617 0.30% dimethyl- 53 Tetradecanoic acid 96 22.653 0.77% 54 10-Phenyl-n-decanol 47 22.881 0.58% 55 Tetradecanal 94 23.397 0.18% 56 1H-Indene, 2-butyl-5- 93 24.399 0.68% hexyloctahydro- 57 2-Heptadecanone 96 24.674 4.65% 58 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.686 5.86% 59 Octadecan-4-one 90 25.966 1.35% 60 (2-Acetyl-5-methyl- 49 27.082 5.77% cyclopentyl)-acetic acid 61 Z,E-2,13-Octadecadien- 95 27.178 3.92% 1-ol 62 2-Nonadecanone 98 27.395 1.89% 63 9-Octadecenoic acid, 97 28.032 6.77% (E)- 64 Octadecanoic acid 78 28.232 2.74% 65 E,E,Z-1,3,12- 58 28.367 1.55% Nonadecatriene-5,14- diol 66 E-11-Methyl-12- 53 28.587 0.94% tetradecen-1-ol acetate 67 6-Pentadecanone 30 29.572 0.61% 68 2-Pentadecanone, 50 29.885 0.17% 6,10,14-trimethyl- 69 7-Tridecanone 49 30.741 1.21% 70 2-Octadecyl-propane- 51 31.671 0.57% 1,3-diol 71 8-Pentadecanone 22 31.866 0.30% 72 2-Methyl-Z,Z-3,13- 53 32.759 0.96% octadecadienol 73 9-Heptadecanone 49 32.962 0.52% 74 [1,2′-Binaphthalene]- 68 35.045 0.37% 5,5′,8,8′-tetrone, 1′,4- dihydroxy-2,3′-dimethyl-, (-)- 75 5.alpha.-Ergost-8(14)- 83 36.772 0.69% ene 76 Tetradecanoic acid, 2- 46 36.993 0.40% oxo-, ethyl ester 77 Cholesta-8,24-dien- 70 37.623 1.16% 3.beta.-ol, 4.beta.- methyl- 78 Diphenyldimethylsilane 42 37.86 0.44% 79 Stigmastan-3,5-dien 95 38.078 0.48% 80 cis-4-Benzyl-2,6- 38 39.116 0.21% diphenyltetrahydropyran 81 1,10-Dioxa-4,7- 43 39.651 1.44% dithiadecane, 1,10-bis(9- borabicyclo[3.3.1]non-9- yl)-2,9-dimethyl- 82 Silane, t- 14 41.189 4.50% butyldiphenyl(norbornan- 5-on-2-ylmethoxy)- 83 1,22-Docosanediol 38 42.646 6.57% 84 Propiophenone, 2′- 46 43.064 0.80% (trimethylsiloxy)- 85 1H-Indole, 2-methyl-3- 50 43.311 2.39% phenyl- 86 1,3- 64 44.504 0.38% Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene

TABLE A24 GC-MS data for the reaction of corn oil with water at 550° C. over zirconium dioxide (experiments 312-317). % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT (min) Total 1 Benzene, 1,3-bis(3- 80 0.1331 0.13% phenoxyphenoxy)- 2 Pentane 47 1.4021 0.39% 3 Cyclopentene 90 1.5559 0.18% 4 Cyclopentane 64 1.5816 0.09% 5 1-Hexene 94 1.6713 0.60% 6 Butanal, 2-ethyl- 32 1.7098 0.55% 7 2-Hexene, (Z)- 91 1.7418 0.57% 8 2-Hexene 90 1.7931 0.53% 9 Cyclopentane, methyl- 90 1.8764 0.28% 10 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1- 70 1.9661 0.14% methyl- 11 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1- 81 1.9982 0.11% methyl- 12 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- 90 2.0494 0.89% 13 Benzene 91 2.1327 1.34% 14 2,4-Hexadiene 94 2.1712 0.20% 15 Cyclohexene 93 2.293 0.68% 16 1-Heptene 96 2.3763 1.29% 17 Heptane 64 2.466 0.90% 18 Cyclopentene, 4,4- 70 2.5173 0.49% dimethyl- 19 2-Heptene 94 2.5557 0.53% 20 2-Heptene 93 2.6519 0.59% 21 Cyclohexane, methyl- 52 2.748 0.81% 22 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 95 2.8954 0.21% 23 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 91 2.9787 0.58% 24 1,4-Cyclohexadiene, 1- 95 3.0172 0.25% methyl- 25 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5- 72 3.1133 0.16% methyl- 26 Cyclopentane, 1-methyl- 86 3.203 0.45% 2-methylene- 27 Cyclopentane, 91 3.2287 0.70% ethylidene- 28 Toluene 94 3.4017 3.83% 29 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 91 3.4466 1.05% 30 2-Butynamide, N-methyl- 59 3.5619 0.25% 31 3-Hexanone 64 3.7157 0.25% 32 1-Octene 46 3.7927 1.52% 33 4-Octene, (E)- 55 3.9016 0.31% 34 Octane 72 3.9529 1.10% 35 2-Octene, (E)- 93 4.0811 0.54% 36 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3- 87 4.1387 0.28% hexadiene 37 2-Octene, (E)- 91 4.2284 0.42% 38 Cyclopentene, 3-propyl- 72 4.3246 0.10% 39 Cyclohexene, 3,5- 91 4.4271 0.33% dimethyl- 40 1,4-Dimethyl-1- 94 4.4784 0.20% cyclohexene 41 Cyclohexane, ethyl- 94 4.5809 0.30% 42 Methyl ethyl 94 4.6899 0.27% cyclopentene 43 Cyclohexene, 1,6- 94 4.8181 0.32% dimethyl- 44 4-Octyne 53 4.8758 0.40% 45 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 93 4.927 0.28% 46 cis-Bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2- 90 5.0616 0.26% ene 47 Ethylbenzene 91 5.1898 2.39% 48 Cyclooctene, (Z)- 53 5.2987 0.23% 49 p-Xylene 95 5.3628 1.68% 50 Cyclohexene, 1,2- 96 5.4462 0.30% dimethyl- 51 6- 64 5.6897 0.25% Propenylbicyclo[3.1.0] hexan-2-one 52 3-Heptanone 49 5.7602 0.35% 53 2-Heptanone 46 5.8563 2.87% 54 Nonane 90 6.0294 0.87% 55 cis-2-Nonene 93 6.1704 0.54% 56 2-Nonene, (E)- 96 6.3434 0.32% 57 Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 60 6.4203 0.19% 58 Benzene, (1- 45 6.5805 0.32% methylethyl)- 59 Cyclopentane, butyl- 53 6.7728 0.21% 60 Cycloheptanol, 1-methyl- 46 6.8753 0.31% 2-methylene- 61 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2- 58 7.0996 0.64% ethenyl- 62 Pentaleno[1,2-b]oxirene, 72 7.1894 0.17% octahydro-, (1a.alpha.,1b.alpha.,4a.b eta.,5a.alpha.)- 63 Benzene, propyl- 91 7.2406 1.00% 64 Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 64 7.3432 0.17% 65 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.4329 0.70% methyl- 66 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 94 7.4585 0.67% methyl- 67 3-Penten-2-one, 3-ethyl- 64 7.6444 0.25% 4-methyl- 68 4-Octanone 91 7.7213 0.15% 69 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.8431 0.85% methyl- 70 3-Octanone 38 8.0289 0.56% 71 2-Octanone 81 8.1443 2.62% 72 4-Decene 92 8.2725 0.33% 73 Decane 95 8.3109 0.46% 74 4-Decene 96 8.4455 0.57% 75 1H-Indene, 2,3,4,5,6,7- 95 8.5673 0.31% hexahydro- 76 4-Decene 98 8.625 0.38% 77 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 89 8.8108 0.45% 78 Benzene, 1-ethenyl-2- 93 8.9262 0.20% methyl- 79 Benzene, cyclopropyl- 81 9.0992 1.29% 80 Indene 93 9.3107 0.33% 81 Cyclopentene, 1-pentyl- 93 9.3748 0.19% 82 Benzene, 1,4-diethyl- 94 9.4325 0.34% 83 Benzene, 1-methyl-3- 94 9.4773 0.36% propyl- 84 Benzene, butyl- 90 9.5799 1.20% 85 Phenol, 2-methyl- 86 9.6376 0.42% 86 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 92 9.6952 0.26% 87 Benzene, 1-methyl-2- 90 9.817 0.36% propyl- 88 Benzene, (1- 50 9.8555 0.35% methylethyl)- 89 4-Nonanone 55 9.9708 0.20% 90 Benzene, 2-ethyl-1,4- 94 10.0477 0.25% dimethyl- 91 Benzene, (2-methyl-1- 96 10.1247 0.25% propenyl)- 92 Indan, 1-methyl- 93 10.24 1.15% 93 3-Nonanone 93 10.2849 0.40% 94 Cyclopropane, 1-heptyl- 97 10.3682 0.65% 2-methyl- 95 2-Nonanone 94 10.4066 0.76% 96 5-Undecene, (E)- 86 10.49 0.41% 97 Undecane 96 10.5476 0.44% 98 5-Undecene 98 10.6694 0.65% 99 5-Undecene 96 10.8553 0.36% 100 1,6-Cyclodecadiene 78 11.1309 0.43% 101 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 94 11.3936 0.86% 5-methyl- 102 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 81 11.5346 0.56% methylpropyl)- 103 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 50 11.6243 1.41% 4-methyl- 104 N-(4- 43 11.7012 0.35% Bromomethylphenyl) acetamide 105 Benzene, pentyl- 90 11.8038 2.63% 106 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 96 11.8807 1.00% tetrahydro- 107 2-Methylindan-2-ol 72 12.0025 0.74% 108 4-Decanone 52 12.1242 0.27% 109 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 87 12.1627 0.32% methylpropyl)- 110 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 96 12.2716 0.20% 111 Azulene 90 12.3614 0.62% 112 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 87 12.4319 0.48% 1,3-dimethyl- 113 Cyclododecane 95 12.5024 0.74% 114 2-Decanone 64 12.5536 0.77% 115 1H-Indene,2,3-dihydro- 86 12.6562 0.69% 2,2-dimethyl- 116 3-Dodecene, (Z)- 95 12.7844 0.29% 117 3-Dodecene, (Z)- 95 12.9702 0.20% 118 Benzene, (1-methyl-1- 91 13.2009 0.32% butenyl)- 119 2-Ethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H- 62 13.374 0.24% indene 120 2-Ethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H- 90 13.4124 0.43% indene 121 1H-Indene, 1-ethenyl- 86 13.6175 0.20% 2,3-dihydro- 122 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 83 13.7072 0.28% 1,2-dimethyl- 123 1H-Indene, 1-ethenyl- 64 13.7521 0.31% 2,3-dihydro- 124 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 95 13.8098 0.23% 125 Benzene, hexyl- 74 13.8995 0.92% 126 Benzene, (1- 11 14.0405 0.92% methylpentyl)- 127 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 93 14.1302 0.46% 128 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 86 14.3545 0.27% 1,2-dimethyl- 129 3-Undecanone 90 14.4699 0.35% 130 1-Tridecene 93 14.5212 0.51% 131 2-Undecanone 64 14.5788 0.55% 132 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 93 14.6109 0.49% 133 Tridecane 97 14.675 0.53% 134 2-Tridecene, (Z)- 95 14.7711 0.29% 135 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 87 14.9506 0.49% 136 2,4-Cycloheptadien-1- 44 15.1556 0.16% one, 2,6,6-trimethyl- 137 1,4-Methanonaphthalen- 22 15.4953 0.23% 9-ol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-, stereoisomer 138 (1-Methylpenta-2,4- 81 15.6684 0.36% dienyl)benzene 139 Naphthalene, 6-ethyl- 60 15.8478 0.21% 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 140 Benzene, heptyl- 93 15.8991 0.46% 141 2-Tetradecene, (E)- 98 16.4182 0.94% 142 2-Dodecanone 60 16.4951 0.65% 143 Tetradecane 95 16.5592 0.39% 144 3-Tetradecene, (Z)- 99 16.6553 0.45% 145 3-Tetradecene, (Z)- 99 16.8348 0.31% 146 Naphthalene, 2,7- 86 16.9886 0.25% dimethyl- 147 Cyclopentene, 1-octyl- 38 17.559 0.33% 148 Benzene, octyl- 55 17.7769 0.42% 149 Naphthalene, 1,2- 45 17.8602 0.35% dihydro-1,4,6-trimethyl- 150 1-Pentadecene 99 18.2063 0.73% 151 2-Tridecanone 91 18.296 0.30% 152 Pentadecane 97 18.3345 0.37% 153 1-Pentadecene 74 18.4242 0.23% 154 Cyclododecane 70 18.6101 0.20% 155 Cyclohexane, (1- 49 19.2189 0.21% methylethyl)- 156 Benzene, nonyl- 18 19.565 0.54% 157 Z-8-Hexadecene 96 19.8982 0.52% 158 2-Undecanone, 6,10- 46 20.0072 0.33% dimethyl- 159 Z-8-Hexadecene 84 20.0969 0.24% 160 1,1′-Biphenyl, 2-methyl- 90 20.2828 0.17% 161 Benz[f]azulene, 50 21.2505 0.41% 1,2,3,3a,4,9,10,10a- octahydro- 162 1-Docosene 91 21.5069 0.29% 163 2-Pentadecanone 93 21.6222 0.44% 164 9,9- 95 21.6927 0.20% Dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1] nona-2,4-dione 165 3-Heptene, 7-phenyl- 50 22.8848 0.33% 166 1-Pyrrolidinyloxy, 3- 38 23.0771 0.12% hydroxy-2,2,5,5- tetramethyl- 167 Azetidine, 2-phenyl-1- 16 24.3332 0.20% (phenylmethyl)- 168 2-Heptadecanone 96 24.6793 3.97% 169 3-Octadecanone 91 25.9611 0.99% 170 Cyclotetradecane, 95 27.0314 0.45% 1,7,11-trimethyl-4-(1- methylethyl)- 171 (2-Acetyl-5-methyl- 49 27.1275 1.26% cyclopentyl)-acetic acid 172 2-Nonadecanone 99 27.3774 0.82% 173 5-Tridecanone 50 28.3516 0.49% 174 3-Eicosanone 53 28.5759 0.21% 175 Naphthalene, 2- 90 29.4347 0.20% (phenylmethyl)- 176 1-Mercapto-2- 27 29.5565 0.21% heptadecanone 177 Cyclohexanecarboxylic 60 30.7293 0.34% acid, 2-ethenyl-6- hydroxy-, methyl ester, [1s- (1.alpha.,2.alpha.,6.beta.)]- 178 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic 62 32.6327 1.64% acid, diisooctyl ester 179 16-Hentriacontanone 68 39.6313 0.15%

TABLE A25 GC-MS data for the reaction of oleic acid with water at 550° C. over zirconium dioxide (experiments 318-323). % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Total 1 2-Butene, (E)- 52 1.2803 0.43% 2 1-Butene, 2-methyl- 91 1.4213 1.37% 3 Cyclopropane, 1,2- 90 1.4405 0.40% dimethyl-, cis- 4 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 91 1.511 0.15% 5 Cyclopentene 87 1.5559 0.49% 6 1-Pentene 80 1.5879 0.25% 7 1-Hexene 91 1.6712 1.28% 8 Hexane 68 1.7097 1.09% 9 2-Hexene, (Z)- 91 1.7481 1.18% 10 2-Hexene 76 1.7994 0.84% 11 Cyclopentane, methyl- 91 1.8827 0.49% 12 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5- 76 1.9724 0.32% methyl- 13 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5- 81 2.0045 0.27% methyl- 14 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- 90 2.0558 1.27% 15 Benzene 91 2.1391 2.07% 16 2,4-Hexadiene 95 2.1839 0.15% 17 Cyclohexene 93 2.2993 0.93% 18 1-Heptene 96 2.389 2.08% 19 Heptane 87 2.4787 2.02% 20 1,4-Hexadiene, 4- 60 2.5236 0.71% methyl- 21 2-Heptene 94 2.5684 0.79% 22 2-Heptene 95 2.6646 0.73% 23 Cyclohexane, methyl- 93 2.7607 0.96% 24 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 96 2.9081 0.32% 25 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 91 2.9914 0.56% 26 1,3,5-Hexatriene, 3- 91 3.0299 0.25% methyl-, (Z)- 27 Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-ene 90 3.0555 0.27% 28 Cyclopentane, 1,3- 87 3.1324 0.17% bis(methylene)- 29 1,4-Cyclohexadiene, 1- 93 3.1645 0.19% methyl- 30 Cyclobutane, (1- 87 3.2157 0.41% methylethylidene)- 31 Cyclopentene, 1-ethyl- 91 3.2478 0.93% 32 Toluene 94 3.4209 4.71% 33 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 91 3.4657 0.94% 34 Cyclopentene, 1-ethyl- 64 3.5811 0.29% 35 3-Hexanone 43 3.7413 0.21% 36 1-Octene 64 3.8118 1.68% 37 4-Octene, (E)- 64 3.9207 0.31% 38 Octane 64 3.9784 1.65% 39 2-Octene, (Z)- 94 4.1002 0.49% 40 1,3-Dimethyl-1- 87 4.1579 0.30% cyclohexene 41 4-Octene, (Z)- 93 4.2476 0.38% 42 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 80 4.3117 0.07% 43 Cyclopentene, 1-propyl- 72 4.3437 0.10% 44 Spiro[2.5]octane 91 4.3694 0.18% 45 trans-3,5- 91 4.4399 0.19% Dimethylcyclohexene 46 1,4-Dimethyl-1- 76 4.5039 0.13% cyclohexene 47 Cyclohexane, ethyl- 94 4.6001 0.39% 48 E,Z-3- 93 4.6578 0.05% Ethylidenecyclohexene 49 Methyl ethyl 91 4.709 0.21% cyclopentene 50 2,4,6-Octatriene, all-E- 90 4.8372 0.31% 51 Cyclopentene, 1-propyl- 53 4.8949 0.39% 52 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 94 4.9526 0.27% 53 Pentalene, 87 5.0808 0.28% 1,2,3,3a,4,6a- hexahydro- 54 2,4,6-Octatriene, all-E- 90 5.1705 0.07% 55 Ethylbenzene 91 5.2089 2.26% 56 Cyclopentene,1-(2- 52 5.3115 0.21% propenyl)- 57 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 95 5.382 1.75% 58 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 58 5.4973 0.26% 59 3-Heptanone 46 5.7857 0.28% 60 2-Heptanone 49 5.8754 3.17% 61 4-Nonene 94 5.9716 0.18% 62 Nonane 91 6.0549 1.09% 63 cis-2-Nonene 90 6.1895 0.60% 64 Pentaleno[1,2-b]oxirene, 53 6.2792 0.16% octahydro-, (1a.alpha.,1b.alpha.,4a. beta.,5a.alpha.)- 65 cis-3-Nonene 93 6.3689 0.30% 66 Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 62 6.4394 0.19% 67 Benzene, 1,3,5- 46 6.5997 0.29% trimethyl- 68 Cyclohexane, propyl- 93 6.6894 0.26% 69 Cyclopentane, butyl- 96 6.7855 0.29% 70 Spiro[4.4]non-1-ene 43 6.9009 0.20% 71 Cyclopentene, 1-butyl- 68 7.1188 0.56% 72 Benzene, propyl- 91 7.2598 0.92% 73 Cyclohexene,1-propyl- 90 7.3687 0.14% 74 Benzene, 1-ethyl-3- 95 7.452 0.79% methyl- 75 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 94 7.4777 0.54% methyl- 76 Cyclohexane, propyl- 43 7.6635 0.42% 77 4-Octanone 60 7.7469 0.13% 78 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.8622 0.97% methyl- 79 Phenol 50 8.0545 0.50% 80 2-Octanone 90 8.1634 2.67% 81 cis-3-Decene 89 8.2852 0.34% 82 Decane 94 8.3301 0.52% 83 4-Decene 96 8.4647 0.48% 84 4-Decene 95 8.6505 0.34% 85 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 86 8.83 0.43% 86 Cyclohexane, butyl- 70 9.0222 0.15% 87 Tetracyclo[3.3.1.0(2,8).0 83 9.1184 1.31% (4,6)]-non-2-ene 88 Benzene, 1-propynyl- 94 9.3299 0.36% 89 Cyclopentene, 1-pentyl- 92 9.394 0.19% 90 Benzene, 1,3-diethyl- 93 9.4516 0.31% 91 Benzene, 1-methyl-3- 94 9.4965 0.32% propyl- 92 Benzene, butyl- 87 9.5926 0.94% 93 Phenol, 2-methyl- 96 9.6503 0.53% 94 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 92 9.7144 0.29% 95 Cyclohexane, 1- 68 9.7977 0.24% propenyl- 96 Benzene, 1-methyl-2- 90 9.8362 0.43% propyl- 97 Acetophenone 76 9.8746 0.50% 98 4-Nonanone 60 9.9964 0.18% 99 Benzene, 2-ethyl-1,4- 97 10.0733 0.21% dimethyl- 100 Benzene, 2-ethenyl-1,4- 86 10.1566 0.27% dimethyl- 101 Indan, 1-methyl- 93 10.2592 0.92% 102 3-Nonanone 91 10.304 0.32% 103 Cyclopropane, 1-heptyl- 95 10.3873 0.75% 2-methyl- 104 2-Nonanone 92 10.4258 0.97% 105 3-Undecene, (E)- 90 10.5091 0.61% 106 Undecane 96 10.5732 0.66% 107 5-Undecene 96 10.6885 0.88% 108 3-Undecene, (Z)- 97 10.8744 0.47% 109 Indan, 1-methyl- 90 11.4128 0.79% 110 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 90 11.5538 0.49% methylpropyl)- 111 Benzene, (2-methyl-1- 60 11.6435 1.35% propenyl)- 112 Benzenamine, N-propyl- 42 11.714 0.30% 113 1H-Indene, 1-methyl- 94 11.7716 0.26% 114 Benzene, pentyl- 74 11.8101 0.98% 115 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 92 11.8934 0.38% tetrahydro- 116 Benzene, 1,4-diethyl-2- 90 11.9319 0.30% methyl- 117 4-Methylphenyl acetone 70 12.0216 0.42% 118 4-Decanone 52 12.1434 0.23% 119 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 93 12.1818 0.14% methylpropyI)- 120 1H-Indene, 2,3-dimethyl- 94 12.2972 0.24% 121 Azulene 90 12.3805 0.68% 122 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 81 12.451 0.48% 1,2-dimethyl- 123 2-Dodecene, (Z)- 95 12.5215 0.77% 124 2-Decanone 60 12.5664 0.73% 125 3-Dodecene, (E)- 93 12.6176 0.42% 126 Dodecane 96 12.6881 0.74% 127 2-Dodecene, (Z)- 97 12.8035 0.34% 128 2-Dodecene, (Z)- 98 12.9829 0.18% 129 Benzene, (2-chloro-2- 53 13.2201 0.26% butenyl)- 130 2,3,4,5,6,7-Hexahydro- 90 13.3931 0.28% 1H- cyclopenta[a]pentalene 131 Bicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7- 68 13.4316 0.24% triene, 7-ethyl- 132 Cyclohexane, 38 13.4636 0.22% (cyclopentylmethyl)- 133 Benzene, 1,4-dimethyl- 52 13.5854 0.16% 2-(2-methylpropyl)- 134 2-Ethyl-1-H-indene 81 13.6302 0.23% 135 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 92 13.7264 0.22% 4,7-dimethyl- 136 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 90 13.7712 0.24% 137 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 94 13.8289 0.22% 138 Benzene, hexyl- 74 13.9186 0.46% 139 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 96 13.9507 0.30% 140 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-(1- 14 14.0596 0.87% ethylpropyl)- 141 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 93 14.143 0.45% 142 Benzene, 1-(2-butenyl)- 83 14.3288 0.15% 2,3-dimethyl- 143 Benzene, 2-ethenyl- 64 14.3737 0.29% 1,3,5-trimethyl- 144 6-Tridecene, (Z)- 40 14.489 0.34% 145 2-Tridecene, (E)- 96 14.5339 0.42% 146 2-Undecanone 64 14.598 0.47% 147 Naphthalene, 1-methyl- 90 14.63 0.57% 148 Tridecane 96 14.6877 0.41% 149 2-Tridecene, (Z)- 94 14.7838 0.24% 150 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 94 14.9633 0.47% 151 Benzene, 1,3,5- 70 15.1235 0.14% trimethy1-2-(1- methylethenyl)- 152 N-(2- 41 15.5081 0.25% Aminophenyl)piperidine 153 1,2,3-Trimethylindene 70 15.6939 0.22% 154 Benzene, heptyl- 70 15.9118 0.47% 155 1,2,3-Trimethylindene 60 16.2835 0.21% 156 Cyclotetradecane 98 16.4245 0.35% 157 2-Dodecanone 93 16.5078 0.55% 158 Tetradecane 96 16.5719 0.22% 159 Naphthalene, 2,7- 90 17.0077 0.44% dimethyl- 160 Cyclopentane, nonyl- 97 17.45 0.38% 161 3-Octyne, 2-methyl- 46 17.5781 0.36% 162 Benzene, octyl- 81 17.7896 0.66% 163 Benzene, (1- 10 17.8858 0.33% methylheptyl)- 164 Trifluoroacetic acid, n- 38 18.1165 0.22% heptadecyl ester 165 1-Pentadecene 96 18.2126 0.53% 166 2-Tridecanone 87 18.3087 0.21% 167 Pentadecane 98 18.3472 0.30% 168 n-Nonylcyclohexane 83 19.2316 0.38% 169 Benzene, nonyl- 95 19.5777 0.66% 170 Benzene, [1-(1- 27 19.661 0.26% cyclohexen-1-yl)ethyl]- 171 1-Hexadecene 97 19.911 0.57% 172 Hexadecane 91 20.0263 0.38% 173 Z-8-Hexadecene 95 20.1096 0.21% 174 1,1′-Biphenyl, 2-methyl- 87 20.2955 0.12% 175 Benzene, decyl- 60 21.2696 0.33% 176 Hexane, 2-phenyl-3- 43 21.3402 0.24% propyl- 177 3-Heptadecene, (Z)- 96 21.5196 0.14% 178 Tetradecane 91 21.6286 0.30% 179 2-Heptadecanone 95 24.6408 0.29% 180 cis-cisoid-cis- 58 26.839 0.22% perhydroanthracene 181 1-Cyclohexylheptene 60 27.0056 0.12% 182 Z,E-3,13-Octadecadien- 56 27.0441 0.25% 1-ol 183 Z,E-2,13-Octadecadien- 92 27.1338 0.59% 1-ol 184 2-Nonadecanone 99 27.3966 1.24% 185 3-Eicosanone 64 28.5886 0.19%

TABLE A29 GC-MS data for the reaction of 70/30 octanoic acid/stearic acid with water at 500° C. over zirconium dioxide (experiments 446-448). % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Total 1 1-Propene, 2-methyl- 52 1.2866 0.11% 2 Pentane 78 1.4084 0.40% 3 1-Hexene 95 1.6776 0.70% 4 3-Hexene, (E)- 91 1.7545 0.16% 5 3-Hexene 90 1.8057 0.09% 6 1-Heptene 96 2.3954 0.28% 7 Heptane 91 2.4851 0.30% 8 1-Octene 95 3.8181 0.16% 9 Octane 91 3.9719 0.11% 10 2-Octene, (Z)- 94 4.1065 0.21% 11 1-Nonene 97 5.8626 0.14% 12 Nonane 94 6.0484 0.13% 13 cis-2-Nonene 96 6.1958 0.09% 14 1-Decene 97 8.1313 0.16% 15 Decane 96 8.3236 0.08% 16 1-Undecene 95 10.3744 0.17% 17 2-Nonanone 97 10.4514 3.35% 18 Undecane 95 10.5667 0.10% 19 3-Decanone 94 12.4573 0.68% 20 1-Dodecene 96 12.515 0.34% 21 Octanoic Acid 58 12.6816 0.82% 22 Octanoic Acid 95 12.7393 0.11% 23 Octanoic Acid 94 12.8098 0.52% 24 Octanoic Acid 96 13.0982 2.78% 25 Octanoic Acid 96 13.1687 0.97% 26 Octanoic Acid 91 13.2392 0.88% 27 Octanoic Acid 97 13.2648 0.38% 28 Octanoic Acid 95 13.3097 0.68% 29 Octanoic Acid 96 13.3738 1.21% 30 Octanoic Acid 97 13.3995 0.72% 31 Octanoic Acid 97 13.4315 0.49% 32 Octanoic Acid 97 13.4764 0.94% 33 Octanoic Acid 90 13.534 2.04% 34 Octanoic Acid 96 13.6109 1.49% 35 Octanoic Acid 97 13.6494 1.15% 36 Octanoic Acid 97 13.7391 2.93% 37 Octanoic Acid 97 13.7904 1.66% 38 Octanoic Acid 97 13.816 0.97% 39 Octanoic Acid 97 13.8417 1.10% 40 Octanoic Acid 97 13.8609 1.53% 41 Octanoic Acid 94 13.8993 1.63% 42 Octanoic Acid 96 13.9442 0.87% 43 Octanoic Acid 97 13.9955 2.65% 44 Octanoic Acid 97 14.0596 2.77% 45 Octanoic Acid 97 14.0788 1.01% 46 Octanoic Acid 97 14.1172 2.76% 47 Octanoic Acid 97 14.2326 6.14% 48 Octanoic Acid 97 14.2967 4.00% 49 1-Tridecene 98 14.5274 0.17% 50 5-Dodecanone 97 16.1168 0.19% 51 2-Tetradecene, (E)- 98 16.4309 0.20% 52 6-Tridecanone 97 17.9113 0.14% 53 1-Pentadecene 99 18.219 0.16% 54 Pentadecane 98 18.3535 0.23% 55 7-Octadecanone 72 19.6161 0.17% 56 1-Hexadecene 96 19.9301 0.71% 57 7-Hexadecene, (Z)- 99 20.1224 0.12% 58 7-Hexadecene, (Z)- 97 20.3083 0.11% 59 8-Pentadecanone 99 21.3401 12.70%  60 1-Heptadecene 99 21.5324 0.19% 61 Heptadecane 98 21.6413 0.17% 62 Octadecanal 90 23.4166 0.11% 63 2-Heptadecanone 76 24.6471 0.12% 64 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.5443 0.27% 65 2-Nonadecanone 99 27.4093 1.67% 66 Octadecanoic acid 94 28.4732 18.20%  67 3-Heptadecanone 55 28.6142 0.55% 68 2-Nonadecanone 30 30.7996 0.11% 69 8-Octadecanone 50 31.8763 0.43% 70 4-BOC- 14 33.7734 0.33% aminophenylacetic acid, methyl ester 71 8-Pentadecanone 50 34.1259 9.29% 72 Benzaldehyde, 2,4- 38 42.8868 0.69% bis(trimethylsiloxy)-

TABLE A30 GC-MS data for the reaction of 70/30 octanoic acid/stearic acid with water at 550° C. over zirconium dioxide (experiments 449-451). % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Total 1 Furan, 2,5-dihydro- 83 1.2353 0.06% 2 1-Butene 58 1.2802 0.32% 3 Pentane 80 1.402 1.53% 4 Cyclopentene 90 1.5558 0.12% 5 1-Pentene 64 1.5878 0.10% 6 1-Hexene 91 1.6711 1.58% 7 Pentane 43 1.7096 0.65% 8 3-Hexene, (E)- 91 1.7416 0.98% 9 2-Hexene 91 1.7929 0.67% 10 Cyclopentane, methyl- 91 1.8762 0.20% 11 1,4-Pentadiene, 2- 91 2.0492 0.26% methyl- 12 Benzene 94 2.1326 0.35% 13 Cyclohexene 94 2.2928 0.21% 14 1-Heptene 96 2.3825 1.60% 15 Heptane 87 2.4722 1.36% 16 2-Pentenal, 2-methyl- 68 2.5171 0.22% 17 2-Heptene 94 2.5556 0.48% 18 2-Heptene 95 2.6581 0.40% 19 Cyclohexane, methyl- 94 2.7542 0.27% 20 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 94 2.9016 0.08% 21 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 90 2.985 0.15% 22 Cyclobutane, (1- 68 3.2092 0.07% methylethylidene)- 23 Cyclopentane, 91 3.2349 0.18% ethylidene- 24 Toluene 94 3.4079 0.38% 25 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 91 3.4528 0.22% 26 3-Hexanone 50 3.7348 0.14% 27 1-Octene 49 3.7989 1.00% 28 4-Octene, (E)- 92 3.9078 0.11% 29 Octane 80 3.9591 0.77% 30 2-Octene, (E)- 94 4.0873 0.37% 31 2-Octene, (E)- 95 4.2411 0.21% 32 Ethylbenzene 90 5.2088 0.20% 33 p-Xylene 95 5.3819 0.22% 34 3-Heptanone 68 5.7728 0.17% 35 2-Hexanone, 5-methyl- 47 5.8561 0.96% 36 Nonane 90 6.042 0.56% 37 2-Nonene 95 6.183 0.45% 38 2-Nonene, (E)- 96 6.356 0.22% 39 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 94 7.4584 0.16% methyl- 40 4-Octanone 76 7.7404 0.13% 41 2-Methyl-1-nonene 64 8.0031 0.09% 42 3-Octanone 95 8.048 0.15% 43 1-Decene 97 8.1313 0.66% 44 Benzene, 1,3,5- 68 8.189 0.22% trimethyl- 45 3-Nonene, 2-methyl- 83 8.2851 0.30% 46 Decane 96 8.3236 0.37% 47 4-Decene 96 8.4581 0.40% 48 cis-3-Decene 96 8.644 0.23% 49 Phenol, 3-methyl- 95 9.8938 0.18% 50 4-Octanone 52 9.9963 0.15% 51 1-Phenyl-1-butene 78 10.2719 0.18% 52 3-Undecene, (E)- 95 10.3808 0.36% 53 2-Nonanone 97 10.5475 15.82%  54 Undecane 97 10.5987 0.35% 55 5-Undecene 95 10.7077 0.17% 56 5-Undecene 98 10.8871 0.12% 57 2-Hexanone, 3,4- 64 11.528 0.20% dimethyl- 58 5-Decanone 81 12.1497 0.09% 59 3-Decanone 95 12.515 5.18% 60 2-Decanone 50 12.5855 0.31% 61 Octanoic Acid 62 12.624 0.28% 62 Dodecane 90 12.6945 0.71% 63 Octanoic Acid 53 12.8034 0.84% 64 Octanoic Acid 91 12.9187 0.82% 65 2-Dodecene, (Z)- 98 12.9893 0.12% 66 3-Decanone, 2-methyl- 68 13.4571 0.13% 67 4-Undecanone 96 14.2198 1.81% 68 6-Tridecene, (E)- 93 14.4761 0.16% 69 1-Tridecene 99 14.5338 0.38% 70 2-Undecanone 94 14.6107 0.19% 71 Tridecane 96 14.6876 0.24% 72 3-Tridecene, (E)- 97 14.7902 0.16% 73 3-Tridecene, (E)- 97 14.976 0.10% 74 5-Dodecanone 98 16.1296 2.16% 75 2-Tetradecene, (E)- 98 16.4308 0.39% 76 2-Dodecanone 95 16.5142 0.17% 77 Tetradecane 98 16.5718 0.17% 78 3-Tetradecene, (Z)- 98 16.6616 0.20% 79 5-Tetradecene, (E)- 94 16.8474 0.15% 80 2-Butenamide, N,2,3- 38 17.6613 0.15% trimethyl- 81 6-Tridecanone 98 17.9113 1.50% 82 1-Pentadecanol 91 18.11 0.13% 83 1-Pentadecene 99 18.2189 0.35% 84 Pentadecane 98 18.3535 0.53% 85 Cyclopentadecane 94 18.4368 0.12% 86 1-Pentadecene 94 18.6227 0.14% 87 Cyclohexanone, 3- 43 18.7893 0.11% methyl-, (R)- 88 Diethyldivinylsilane 59 19.2828 0.17% 89 Thiazole, 4-ethyl-2- 45 19.4751 0.10% propyl- 90 1-Methylcycloheptanol 52 19.6032 0.68% 91 1-Hexadecene 99 19.9237 0.80% 92 Z-8-Hexadecene 99 19.9686 0.10% 93 Pentadecane 96 20.0327 0.22% 94 Z-8-Hexadecene 99 20.1224 0.39% 95 7-Hexadecene, (Z)- 99 20.3082 0.29% 96 8-Pentadecanone 99 21.3849 24.85%  97 1-Heptadecene 99 21.5515 1.38% 98 Heptadecane 96 21.6605 0.58% 99 3-Heptadecene, (Z)- 96 21.7246 0.21% 100 8-Heptadecene 94 21.9105 0.03% 101 9-Heptadecanone 59 22.7757 0.21% 102 3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2- 25 24.16 0.09% hydroxy-2,6,6- trimethylcyclohexyl)- 103 10-Nonadecanone 53 24.2497 0.24% 104 2-Heptadecanone 91 24.6471 0.19% 105 8-Octadecanone 99 25.6597 0.20% 106 12-Tricosanone 62 27.0119 0.24% 107 2-Nonadecanone 99 27.4285 3.16% 108 Octadecanoic acid 99 28.1463 0.12% 109 6-Tridecanone 53 28.3001 0.14% 110 3-Octadecanone 72 28.6014 0.80% 111 8-Octadecanone 76 29.5371 0.18% 112 4-Tridecanone 47 29.6332 0.38% 113 8-Octadecanone 70 30.7227 0.15% 114 2- 53 30.7996 0.40% Benzylidenehydrazono- 3-methyl-2,3- dihydrobenzothiazole 115 8-Octadecanone 60 31.8763 0.36% 116 Diethyl-di(prop-2-enyl)- 27 31.9083 0.19% silane 117 Cyclohexanecarboxylic 53 32.9851 0.11% acid, 2-ethenyl-6- hydroxy-, methyl ester, [1s- (1.alpha.,2.alpha.,6. beta.)]- 118 8-Pentadecanone 46 34.1066 6.94% 119 6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1- 38 42.8868 0.28% ol, 6,6,9-trimethy1-3- propyl-

TABLE A31 GC-MS data for the reaction octanoic acid with water at 550° C. over zirconium dioxide (experiments 457-461). % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Total 1 1-Propene, 2-methyl- 80 1.2804 0.06% 2 1-Pentene 83 1.3958 0.20% 3 1-Hexene 91 1.6714 0.94% 4 Hexane 90 1.7162 0.38% 5 3-Hexene, (Z)- 91 1.7483 0.30% 6 3-Hexene 91 1.7996 0.23% 7 1-Heptene 96 2.3828 0.82% 8 Heptane 87 2.4725 0.44% 9 2-Heptene 94 2.5622 0.16% 10 2-Heptene 95 2.6583 0.16% 11 1-Octene 95 3.8055 0.16% 12 2-Octene, (Z)- 95 4.0875 0.12% 13 2-Heptanone 91 5.8564 0.25% 14 2-Nonanone 96 10.5349 11.89% 15 2-Hexanone, 3-methyl- 78 11.5219 0.11% 16 1-Decen-3-one 83 12.3166 0.09% 17 3-Decanone 70 12.4896 2.99% 18 Octanoic Acid 96 12.5537 0.08% 19 Octanoic Acid 91 12.6498 0.31% 20 4-Undecanone 96 14.2072 1.37% 21 5-Dodecanone 98 16.1106 1.31% 22 2-Butenamide, N,2,3- 35 17.6552 0.22% trimethyl- 23 6-Tridecanone 93 17.918 2.12% 24 1-Hexadecanol 90 18.0205 0.10% 25 1-Tridecene 91 18.1038 0.17% 26 Pentadecane 96 18.3409 0.09% 27 Cyclopentane, pentyl- 70 19.0011 0.08% 28 t-Butyl 53 19.283 0.08% peroxidecyclohexanecar boxylate 29 Cyclopentane, undecyl- 78 19.3856 0.13% 30 Thiazole, 4-ethyl-2- 30 19.4689 0.11% propyl- 31 1-Methylcycloheptanol 49 19.5907 0.17% 32 Octanethioic acid, S- 47 20.0713 0.26% propyl ester 33 8-Pentadecanone 99 21.4749 44.42% 34 8-Pentadecanone 98 21.5518 29.20% 35 3-Decanone 53 21.7249 0.25% 36 Pentadecane, 8- 91 26.6725 0.07% heptylidene- 37 8-Pentadecanone 87 27.0058 0.17%

TABLE A38 ASTM D4814 testing results. ASTM D4814 Specification Sample Identification Units ST44-05D Min Max SwRI Lab ID 6786 TEST Method ASTM D5191 Vapor Pressure RVP psi 4.49 —  7.8-15.01 pTot psi 5.06 — — ASTM D130 Copper Corrosion Cu Corrosion rating 1A — 1 ASTM D1319 Hydrocarbon Type Aromatics vol % 19.1 — — Olefins vol % 65.1 — — Saturates vol % 15.7 — — ASTM D2699 Research Octane Number RON ON 81.4 — — ASTM D2700 Motor Octane Number MON ON 73 — — ASTM D4814 Anti Knock Index AKI (R + M)/2 ON 77.2    85.02 — ASTM D3231 Phosphorus Phosphorus mg/L 0.48 — 1.3 ASTM D3237 Lead Content Lead g/gal <0.001 — 0.05 ASTM D381 Gum Content Unwashed Gum mg/100 ml 11 — — Washed Gum mg/100 ml 6 — 5 ASTM D4052 API, Specific Gravity API @ 60° F. ° 50 — — Sp. Gravity @ 60° F. g/ml 0.7797 — — Density @ 15° C. g/ml 0.7795 — — ASTM D4814 Annex 1 Silver Corrosion Agcorrosion rating 0 — 1 ASTM D5188 Vapor Liquid Ratio V/L ° F. >176.0 95-140 — ASTM D525 Oxidation Stability Run Time min 1440 — — Break Y/N Y — — Induction period min 80 240 — ASTM D5453 Sulfur Content Sulfur ppm 1.4 — 80 ASTM D5599 Oxygenate Content Ethanol wt % <0.1 — — MTBE wt % <0.1 — — DIPE wt % <0.1 — — Total Oxygen wt % 1.563 — — ASTM D86 Distillation Initial Boiling Point ° F. 112.4 — —  5% Evap ° F. 160.2 — — 10% Evap ° F. 181.8 — 122-158 15% Evap ° F. 195.5 — — 20% Evap ° F. 206.3 — — 30% Evap ° F. 225.3 — — 40% Evap ° F. 244.1 — — 50% Evap ° F. 263.2 170 230-250 60% Evap ° F. 282.5 — — 70% Evap ° F. 304.4 — — 80% Evap ° F. 327.1 — — 90% Evap ° F. 358.3 — 365-374 95% Evap ° F. 385.9 — — Final Boiling Point ° F. 433 — 437 Recovered % 98 — — Residue % 1 — 2 Loss % 1 — — E200 % 17.05 — — E300 % 68.26 — — Driveability Index 1420.6 —  1200-12501

TABLE A39 Reaction conditions for the reaction of soybean oil with superheated water. Reactor Preheater Inlet Temperature Temp. Back Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore size, Setting point (° C.), Pressure No. Oil Type Type Surface Area (C) T2 (PSI) 567 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 545 503 3500 568 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 545 503 3500 569 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 545 507 3500 570 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 545 508 3500 571 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 545 508 3500 572 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 548 501 3300 573 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 513 3500 574 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 512 3500 575 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 524 520 3500 576 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 533 527 3600 577 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 529 3600 578 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 511 3500 579 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 511 3600 580 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 522 513 3600 581 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 522 511 3500 582 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 522 512 3500 583 Soybean Manganese 325 mesh 350 350 3500 Oxide 584 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 514 3500 585 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 516 3500 586 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 528 519 3500 587 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 532 522 3600 588 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 526 3600 589 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 525 3600 590 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 400 400 3500 oxide 591 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 400 400 3500 oxide 592 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 450 450 3500 oxide 593 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 450 450 3500 oxide 594 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 500 497 3500 oxide 595 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 500 499 3500 oxide 596 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 500 500 3500 oxide 597 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 508 3600 598 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 510 3600 599 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 509 3600 600 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 533 510 3600 601 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 533 510 3700 602 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 550 550 3500 oxide 603 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 550 550 3500 oxide 604 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 550 540 3500 oxide 605 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 515 515 3500 oxide 606 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 515 515 3500 oxide 607 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 200 193 3500 608 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 609 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 532 514 3500 610 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 516 3500 611 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 538 519 3500 612 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 541 521 3500 613 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 543 524 3500 614 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 615 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 0 150 3500 616 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 617 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 520 512 4000 618 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 520 512 3600 619 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 520 513 3600 620 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 520 513 3600 621 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 513 3600 622 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 512 3600 623 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 526 511 3500 624 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 529 515 3500 625 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 534 518 3500 626 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 536 520 3500 627 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 539 522 3500 628 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 544 528 3500 629 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 510 3500 630 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 509 3500 631 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 510 3500 632 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 511 3500 633 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 511 3500 634 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 522 514 3500 635 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 525 518 3500 636 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 527 519 3500 637 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 532 522 3500 638 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 535 525 3500 639 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 450 447 3650 oxide 640 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 450 449 3400 oxide 641 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 450 450 3500 oxide 642 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 500 498 3500 oxide 643 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 500 498 3500 oxide 644 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 500 500 3500 oxide 645 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 525 522 3600 oxide 646 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 525 525 3600 oxide 647 Soybean Tungsten(VI) 20 um 525 525 3600 oxide 648 Soybean Nicklel 325 mesh 500 500 3700 Oxide 649 Soybean Nicklel 325 mesh 500 500 3700 Oxide 650 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 501 3500 651 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 502 3500 652 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 504 3500 653 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 504 3500 654 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 499 3500 655 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 500 3500 656 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 560 552 3500 657 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 560 551 3500 658 Cuphea Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 560 553 3500 659 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 517 500 3500 660 Soybean Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 503 3500

TABLE A40 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table 1. Actual Water Actual Oil Total Production Exp. Flow Flow rate Flow Rate Acid Rate (fuel No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) Number g/min) 568 5.6 2.06 7.660 6.62 1.15 569 5.6 2.06 7.660 8.48 1.143 570 5.6 2.06 7.660 9.25 1.121 571 5.6 2.06 7.660 7.56 1.077 572 5.6 2.06 7.660 5.1 1.036 573 5.6 2.06 7.660 23.58 1.246 574 5.6 2.06 7.660 31.69 1.258 575 5.6 2.06 7.660 27.58 1.213 576 5.6 2.06 7.660 19.92 1.13 577 5.6 2.06 7.660 31.99 1.113 578 5.6 2.06 7.660 13.98 1.253 579 5.6 2.06 7.660 14.28 1.25 580 5.6 2.06 7.660 16.85 1.281 582 5.6 2.06 7.660 15.51 1.256 584 5.8 2.06 7.860 10.96 1.243 585 5.8 2.06 7.860 11.37 1.245 586 5.8 2.06 7.860 9.62 1.21 587 5.8 2.06 7.860 8.93 1.178 588 5.8 2.06 7.860 8.35 1.125 589 5.8 2.06 7.860 14.28 1.128 591 5.999 2.06325 8.062 191.7906 1.77 593 5.999 2.06325 8.062 197.2756 1.16 596 5.999 2.06325 8.062 171.4292 1.52 597 5.6 2.06 7.660 12.77 1.235 598 5.6 2.06 7.660 12.67 1.23 599 5.6 2.06 7.660 11.81 1.211 600 5.6 2.06 7.660 11.5 1.208 601 5.6 2.06 7.660 13.7 1.2 603 5.999 2.06325 8.062 120.3252 0.985 604 5.999 2.06325 8.062 126.0118 1.006 606 5.999 2.06325 8.062 169.902 1.326 609 5.6 2.06 7.660 11.05 1.22 610 5.6 2.06 7.660 11.66 1.22 611 5.6 2.06 7.660 9.15 1.19 612 5.6 2.06 7.660 10.75 1.17 613 5.6 2.06 7.660 10.47 1.15 618 5.6 2.06 7.660 9.21 1.21 619 5.6 2.06 7.660 8.09 1.19 620 5.6 2.06 7.660 9.24 1.19 621 5.6 2.06 7.660 9.54 1.22 622 5.6 2.06 7.660 11.24 1.09 623 5.6 2.06 7.660 7.34 1.21 624 5.6 2.06 7.660 7.85 1.2 625 5.6 2.06 7.660 8.45 1.18 626 5.6 2.06 7.660 10.11 1.15 627 5.6 2.06 7.660 12.28 1.13 628 5.6 2.06 7.660 14.12 1.09 629 5.6 2.06 7.660 11.5 1.23 630 5.6 2.06 7.660 12.34 1.22 631 5.6 2.06 7.660 11.92 1.23 632 5.6 2.06 7.660 12.9 1.26 633 5.6 2.06 7.660 12.72 1.22 634 5.6 2.06 7.660 11.32 1.24 635 5.6 2.06 7.660 9.4 1.21 636 5.6 2.06 7.660 8.4 1.19 637 5.6 2.06 7.660 9.03 1.15 644 5.999 2.06325 8.062 166.45 1.51 646 5.999 2.06325 8.062 152.49 1.37 647 5.999 2.06325 8.062 152.97 1.28 649 5.999 2.06325 8.062 167.0148 1.44 650 5.6 2.06 7.660 52.1 0.543 651 5.6 2.06 7.660 48.8 0.571 652 5.6 2.06 7.660 69.9 0.778 653 5.6 2.06 7.660 73.9 1.238 654 5.6 2.7 8.300 108.9 1.458 655 5.6 2.7 8.300 99.36 1.385 656 5.6 2.7 8.300 8.04 0.963 657 5.6 2.7 8.300 2.19 0.866 658 5.6 2.7 8.300 2.45 0.908 659 5.6 2.06 7.660 172 1.111 660 5.6 2.06 7.660 170 0.855 661 5.6 2.06 7.660 167 0.715 662 5.6 2.06 7.660 167 0.608

TABLE A41 GC-MS data for the reaction of soybean oil with water at 515° C. over tungsten (VI) oxide (experiments 605-606). Peak % of # Peak Name % Probability RT Total 1 Benzene, 1,3-bis(3- 90 0.1524 2.28% phenoxyphenoxy)- 2 3-Butenoic acid 83 1.2354 0.08% 3 1-Propene, 2-methyl- 49 1.2803 0.38% 4 Pentane 58 1.4021 0.98% 5 Cyclopentene 90 1.5559 0.32% 6 1-Hexene 91 1.6712 0.99% 7 Hexane 86 1.7033 0.57% 8 3-Hexene, (Z)- 94 1.7417 0.23% 9 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- 64 1.793 0.29% 10 Cyclopentane, methyl- 87 1.8764 0.24% 11 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- 90 2.0494 0.45% 12 Benzene 94 2.1327 1.01% 13 Cyclohexene 93 2.2929 0.46% 14 1-Heptene 96 2.3762 1.16% 15 Heptane 91 2.466 0.54% 16 2-Heptene, (E)- 93 2.5557 0.29% 17 (Z)-3-Heptene 70 2.6518 0.16% 18 Cyclohexane, methyl- 91 2.7479 0.60% 19 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 96 2.8954 0.11% 20 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 86 2.9787 0.32% 21 Cyclopentane, 72 3.2286 0.39% ethylidene- 22 Toluene 93 3.3952 1.02% 23 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 83 3.4337 0.72% 24 1-Octene 96 3.7926 0.81% 25 Cyclohexane, 1,2- 94 3.8887 0.15% dimethyl-, trans- 26 Hexane, 3-ethyl- 87 3.9464 0.36% 27 2-Octene, (E)- 94 4.0746 0.34% 28 2-Octene, (Z)- 93 4.2284 0.15% 29 Cyclohexane, 1,2- 89 4.4784 0.13% dimethyl-, cis- 30 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 91 4.927 0.14% 31 2,4-Octadiene 94 5.0103 0.15% 32 2,4-Octadiene 49 5.0488 0.25% 33 Ethylbenzene 90 5.1898 0.59% 34 p-Xylene 95 5.3692 0.20% 35 1-Nonene 97 5.8306 1.05% 36 Nonane 83 6.0165 0.45% 37 2-Nonene, (E)- 42 6.1639 0.32% 38 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2- 64 7.0932 0.42% ethenyl- 39 Benzene, propyl- 90 7.2406 0.45% 40 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 81 7.4649 0.29% methyl- 41 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 93 7.8495 0.19% methyl- 42 1-Decene 96 8.0994 0.54% 43 Benzene, 1,2,3- 50 8.1763 0.34% trimethyl- 44 Benzene, 2-propenyl- 68 8.2532 0.23% 45 Decane 96 8.2981 0.35% 46 2,6- 42 8.4391 0.44% Dimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]octane 47 1H-Indene, 2,3,4,5,6,7- 70 8.5544 0.40% hexahydro- 48 Heptanoic acid 50 8.7723 0.80% 49 Benzene, 1,1′-(1- 72 9.0992 0.35% ethenyl-1,3- propanediyl)bis- 50 Benzene, butyl- 90 9.567 0.69% 51 Benzene, (1- 50 9.8298 0.18% methylpropyl)- 52 Indan, 1-methyl- 70 10.24 0.21% 53 1-Undecene 97 10.3489 0.88% 54 Cyclopropane, 1,1- 38 10.4771 0.41% dimethyl-2-(1-methyl-2- propenyl)- 55 Undecane 56 10.5348 0.38% 56 Cyclopentane, hexyl- 78 10.6565 1.16% 57 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3- 46 10.7399 0.54% one, 4-methyl-1-(1- methylethyl)-, [1S- (1.alpha.,4.beta.,5.alpha.)]- 58 1-Trifluoroacetoxy-10- 38 10.8424 1.10% undecene 59 3-Nonyne 62 11.0988 0.44% 60 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 81 11.5218 0.38% methylpropyl)- 61 Cyclododecyne 72 11.5794 0.16% 62 2-Methylindene 90 11.6115 0.42% 63 Benzene, pentyl- 90 11.7845 2.02% 64 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 64 11.8678 0.48% tetrahydro- 65 2-Methylindan-2-ol 64 11.9896 0.39% 66 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 35 12.4254 0.53% 1,2-dimethyl- 67 1-Dodecene 95 12.4895 1.06% 68 7-Octenoic acid 62 12.592 0.56% 69 Octanoic Acid 27 12.6561 0.56% 70 Benzene, hexyl- 91 13.8866 0.44% 71 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-(1- 46 14.0405 0.28% ethylpropyl)- 72 1,3-Dithiolane, 2-methyl- 38 14.252 0.25% 2-propyl- 73 1,19-Eicosadiene 52 14.3545 0.65% 74 1-Tridecene 97 14.5019 0.85% 75 Tridecane 96 14.6557 0.15% 76 Benzene, heptyl- 70 15.8926 0.15% 77 Methanone, 38 16.1874 1.12% dicyclopropyl- 78 Tridecanoic acid 58 16.2836 0.35% 79 1-Tetradecene 98 16.4053 0.68% 80 n-Octylidencyclohexane 52 17.5461 0.14% 81 5-Nonadecen-1-ol 43 17.7769 0.21% 82 Undecylenic Acid 89 17.8794 0.83% 83 Undecanoic acid 83 17.9691 0.23% 84 7-Hexadecenoic acid, 53 18.0845 0.51% methyl ester, (Z)- 85 1-Pentadecene 99 18.187 0.21% 86 13-Tetradecenal 46 18.2511 0.20% 87 Pentadecane 97 18.3216 0.17% 88 E-11-Hexadecenal 52 19.4944 0.35% 89 1,11-Dodecadiene 95 19.5778 0.45% 90 Spiro[5.6]dodecane 92 19.597 0.54% 91 1-Hexadecene 98 19.8854 0.39% 92 Z-12-Tetradecenal 90 21.071 0.17% 93 7-Phenylheptanoic acid 81 22.4233 0.27% 94 7,11-Hexadecadienal 89 22.5835 0.31% 95 Tetradecanoic acid 95 22.6797 0.18% 96 8-Phenyloctanoic acid 95 24.0063 1.53% 97 N-(3-Phenyl-butyl)- 22 24.064 0.30% undecafluioro- hexanamide 98 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.615 2.85% 99 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.7816 12.18% 100 9,12-Octadecadienoic 52 27.4222 0.76% acid (Z,Z)- 101 Hepta-4,6-dienoic acid, 53 27.4735 0.19% ethyl ester 102 9,12-Octadecadienoic 81 27.5633 0.58% acid (Z,Z)- 103 Bicyclo[7.7.0]hexadec- 76 27.8132 0.56% 1(9)-ene 104 9,12-Octadecadienoic 98 27.935 2.21% acid (Z,Z)- 105 Z,E-2,13-Octadecadien- 95 28.1785 24.93% 1-ol 106 Octadecanoic acid 98 28.4156 7.28% 107 9,12-Octadecadienoic 99 29.0117 0.55% acid (Z,Z)-

TABLE A42 GC-MS data for the reaction of soybean oil with water at 550° C. over tungsten (VI) oxide (experiments 602-604). Peak % of # Peak Name % Probability RT Total 1 Benzene 94 2.152 0.26% 2 1-Heptene 87 2.3955 0.51% 3 Heptane 91 2.4788 0.75% 4 2-Heptene 90 2.5686 0.25% 5 2-Heptene 78 2.6711 0.18% 6 Cyclohexane, methyl- 91 2.7672 0.38% 7 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 97 2.9146 0.13% 8 Cyclohexene, 3-methyl- 83 2.9979 0.22% 9 Cyclopropane, 1-methyl- 87 3.2223 0.15% 1-isopropenyl- 10 Cyclopentane, 91 3.2479 0.41% ethylidene- 11 Toluene 94 3.4145 2.65% 12 1-Octene 93 3.8119 1.26% 13 Cyclohexane, 1,2- 64 3.9144 0.27% dimethyl-, trans- 14 Octane 72 3.9657 1.15% 15 2-Octene, (E)- 93 4.1003 0.55% 16 2-Octene, (E)- 93 4.2541 0.27% 17 Cyclohexane, 1,2- 92 4.5041 0.16% dimethyl-, cis- 18 Cyclohexane, ethyl- 87 4.5938 0.33% 19 Methyl ethyl 91 4.7155 0.18% cyclopentene 20 Cyclohexene, 1,2- 94 4.8437 0.18% dimethyl- 21 Cyclopentene, 1-propyl- 53 4.9014 0.20% 22 3-Cyclohexene-1- 64 5.0744 0.40% carboxaldehyde 23 Ethylbenzene 91 5.2026 1.55% 24 p-Xylene 95 5.3757 1.18% 25 Cyclohexene, 1,6- 95 5.459 0.37% dimethyl- 26 3-Heptanone 49 5.7922 0.17% 27 p-Xylene 94 5.882 2.28% 28 Nonane 90 6.0422 0.98% 29 3-Nonene 70 6.1896 0.63% 30 cis-2-Nonene 96 6.3626 0.16% 31 Cyclooctene, 3-methyl- 81 6.4331 0.14% 32 Benzene, 1,3,5- 38 6.5998 0.24% trimethyl- 33 Cyclopentane, butyl- 95 6.7856 0.17% 34 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2- 68 7.1125 0.52% ethenyl- 35 Benzene, propyl- 90 7.2599 0.79% 36 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.4521 0.53% methyl- 37 Benzene, 1-ethyl-4- 95 7.4778 0.50% methyl- 38 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.8559 0.64% methyl- 39 1H-Indene, octahydro-, 64 7.9969 0.18% cis- 40 3-Octanone 47 8.0482 0.34% 41 2-Octanone 91 8.1443 1.58% 42 Benzene, 1,3,5- 95 8.1763 0.69% trimethyl- 43 4-Decene 47 8.2789 0.27% 44 Decane 96 8.3173 0.70% 45 4-Decene 93 8.4583 0.55% 46 1H-Indene, 2,3,4,5,6,7- 87 8.5801 0.32% hexahydro- 47 2-Decene, (Z)- 95 8.6442 0.23% 48 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 43 8.8365 0.36% 49 Indane 81 9.1121 0.96% 50 Benzene, 1-propynyl- 93 9.3492 0.12% 51 Trans-2,3- 47 9.3941 0.26% dimethylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane 52 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 91 9.4517 0.29% 53 Benzene, 1-methyl-3- 93 9.4902 0.40% propyl- 54 Benzene, butyl- 87 9.5863 1.11% 55 Phenol, 2-methyl- 93 9.6632 0.36% 56 Benzene, (1- 91 9.8362 0.41% methylpropyl)- 57 Benzene, 2-ethyl-1,4- 95 10.0734 0.18% dimethyl- 58 Indan, 1-methyl- 93 10.2528 1.01% 59 3-Nonanone 90 10.2977 0.41% 60 Cyclopropane, 1-heptyl- 95 10.3746 0.82% 2-methyl- 61 2-Nonanone 93 10.4131 0.80% 62 5-Undecene 53 10.5028 0.52% 63 Undecane 96 10.5605 0.78% 64 5-Undecene 98 10.6758 0.79% 65 5-Undecene 98 10.8617 0.29% 66 4-Decyne 52 11.1309 0.50% 67 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 81 11.3744 0.36% methylpropyl)- 68 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 91 11.4064 0.52% 5-methyl- 69 Benzene, 2-ethyl-1,4- 70 11.5474 0.71% dimethyl- 70 Benzene, 2-ethenyl-1,4- 87 11.6372 1.17% dimethyl- 71 Benzenamine, 2-propyl- 38 11.7077 0.40% 72 Benzene, pentyl- 87 11.8038 2.57% 73 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 91 11.8871 0.45% tetrahydro- 74 2-Methylindan-2-ol 72 12.0153 0.71% 75 4-Decanone 52 12.1435 0.26% 76 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 90 12.1819 0.24% methylpropyl)- 77 1H-Indene, 2,3-dimethyl- 96 12.2909 0.21% 78 Azulene 90 12.3806 0.58% 79 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 70 12.4447 0.78% 1,6-dimethyl- 80 1-Dodecene 95 12.5088 1.12% 81 2-Decanone 91 12.5665 0.93% 82 Dodecane 94 12.6754 0.88% 83 4-Dodecene 93 12.7908 0.24% 84 2-Dodecene, (E)- 90 12.9766 0.17% 85 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 62 13.2202 0.34% tetrahydro-5-methyl- 86 1H-Indene,2,3-dihydro- 70 13.3868 0.31% 2,2-dimethyl- 87 Cyclohexene,3-hexyl- 25 13.4573 0.51% 88 Benzene, (2-chloro-2- 47 13.7201 0.32% butenyl)- 89 p-Xylene 25 13.7649 0.39% 90 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 95 13.8354 0.24% 91 Benzene, hexyl- 86 13.9123 0.77% 92 Benzene, (1,3- 38 14.0597 0.81% dimethylbutyl)- 93 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 64 14.1559 0.46% 94 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 70 14.3225 0.37% tetrahydro-1,5-dimethyl- 95 Benzene, (1-methyl-1- 46 14.3674 0.45% butenyl)- 96 2-Butanone, 4- 52 14.4571 0.24% cyclohexyl- 97 3-Undecanone 89 14.4827 0.16% 98 1-Tridecene 95 14.5276 0.66% 99 2-Undecanone 64 14.5917 0.53% 100 Naphthalene, 1-methyl- 90 14.6301 0.43% 101 Tridecane 96 14.6814 0.72% 102 1,4-Methanonaphthalen- 50 14.7839 0.23% 9-ol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-, stereoisomer 103 Naphthalene, 1-methyl- 93 14.9634 0.47% 104 2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1- 70 15.1685 0.21% pentanol 105 Hexa-2,4-dienylbenzene 25 15.5082 0.39% 106 Benzene, (1,2,2- 30 15.7196 0.30% trimethylpropyl)- 107 Benzene, heptyl- 60 15.9055 0.53% 108 Nonanoic acid 30 16.1554 0.66% 109 1-Tetradecene 98 16.4246 1.28% 110 2-Dodecanone 62 16.4951 0.57% 111 Tetradecane 95 16.5592 0.30% 112 Naphthalene, 2-ethyl- 64 16.5977 0.28% 113 Naphthalene, 1,5- 50 16.7899 0.22% dimethyl- 114 2-Tetradecene, (E)- 96 16.8412 0.17% 115 2-Butanone, 4-(4- 64 16.9758 0.13% hydroxyphenyl)- 116 Naphthalene, 1,5- 86 17.0142 0.36% dimethyl- 117 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2- 40 17.5654 0.48% chloro-1,3,3-trimethyl-, endo- 118 4-Thujen-2.alpha.-yl 49 17.7833 0.52% acetate 119 Benzene, 1,2-bis(1- 47 17.8794 0.71% buten-3-yl)- 120 1-Pentadecene 99 18.2063 0.90% 121 Pentadecane 97 18.3409 0.86% 122 n-Nonylcyclohexane 70 19.2253 0.33% 123 Spiro[4.5]decane 55 19.5714 0.92% 124 1,11-Dodecadiene 95 19.6611 0.51% 125 Z-8-Hexadecene 99 19.9047 0.88% 126 Hexadecane 47 20.0136 0.46% 127 1-Pentadecene 59 20.1033 0.31% 128 Naphthalene, 1-(2- 46 20.2892 0.30% propenyl)- 129 Benzeneacetaldehyde, 38 20.9237 0.18% .alpha.-phenyl- 130 Z,Z-8,10-Hexadecadien- 83 21.2633 0.69% 1-ol 131 3-Eicosene, (E)- 87 21.5133 0.33% 132 2-Undecanone, 6,10- 81 21.6287 0.52% dimethyl- 133 9H-Fluorene, 2-methyl- 96 21.8786 0.17% 134 (5-Methylhepta-1,3- 80 22.6477 0.38% dienyl)benzene 135 3-Heptene, 7-phenyl- 47 22.8976 0.59% 136 6-Phenyl-n-hexanol 37 24.346 0.22% 137 2-Heptadecanone 96 24.6793 4.68% 138 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.5765 1.77% 139 3-Octadecanone 93 25.9675 1.34% 140 Z-7-Hexadecenal 53 26.8263 0.29% 141 Z,E-2,13-Octadecadien- 93 27.057 2.13% 1-ol 142 (2-Acetyl-5-methyl- 43 27.1531 3.14% cyclopentyl)-acetic acid 143 2-Nonadecanone 98 27.4031 2.48% 144 2-Oxazolidinone, 4,5- 38 27.8517 0.99% diphenyl-, trans- 145 Octadecanoic acid 98 28.1593 0.98% 146 p-Menth-8(10)-en-9-ol, 50 28.2555 0.71% cis- 147 Tetrahydropyran Z-8,10- 64 28.3644 1.30% dodecadienoate 148 3-Eicosanone 55 28.5887 0.68% 149 9,10-Anthracenedione, 25 29.5693 0.57% 1-amino-4-hydroxy- 150 4-Tridecanone 53 29.6206 0.19% 151 Methyl n-hexadecyl 83 29.8833 0.16% ketone 152 Silacyclohexane, 1,1- 46 30.7357 0.70% dimethyl- 153 9,10-Anthracenedione, 81 30.7806 0.24% 1,8-diethoxy- 154 Thiazole, 4-ethyl-2- 30 31.8637 0.25% methyl- 155 Phytol 25 31.8957 0.21% 156 2-Pentadecanone 83 32.1905 0.13% 157 Silacyclohexane, 1,1- 45 32.9724 0.45% dimethyl- 158 Octadecanoic acid, 38 34.0107 0.42% ethenyl ester 159 11-Heneicosanone 41 35.0233 0.09% 160 16-Hentriacontanone 74 39.6377 0.80% 161 2,4-Cyclohexadien-1- 15 41.1694 0.85% one, 3,5-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)-4- hydroxy- 162 1-Phenazinecarboxylic 60 41.2976 0.77% acid, 6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-, methyl ester 163 Cyclotrisiloxane, 46 42.746 0.30% hexamethyl-

TABLE A44 Reaction conditions for the reaction of algae oil with superheated water. Reactor Temp. Preheater Inlet before Temperature Temp. heater Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore size, Setting point (° C.), exchanger, No. Oil Type Reactor ID Type Surface Area (C) T2 T5 665 Algae Oil CAT- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 506 501 502 Z052512B 666 Algae Oil CAT- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 508 501 505 Z052512B 667 Algae Oil CAT- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 558 549 555 Z052512B 668 Algae Oil CAT- Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 558 549 554 Z052112B

TABLE A45 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table A44. Actual Water Actual Oil Total Production Exp. Flow Flow rate Flow Rate Acid Rate (fuel No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) Number g/min) 665 5.6 2.06 7.660 55 1.425 666 5.6 2.06 7.660 47.5 1.438 667 5.6 2.06 7.660 2.42 0.918 668 5.6 2.06 7.660 1.35 0.877

TABLE A48 Reaction conditions for the reaction of glucose, starch, cellobiose with superheated water, and soybean oil with open tubular experiments with superheated water Reactor Temp. Actual Inlet before Preheater Temp. heater Back Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore Temp. (° C.), exchanger, Pressure No. Oil Type Type size, Surface Area (° C.) (T1) T2 T5 (PSI) 669 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 512 515 502 3500 670 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 507 3500 671 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 506 3500 673 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 509 3400 674 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 509 3400 676 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 509 3700 677 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 509 3700 678 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 509 3700 680 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 502 3500 681 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 516 515 502 3900 682 Soybean Oil Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 515 515 502 3500 689 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 522 516 527 3500 690 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 524 517 528 3550 691 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 519 528 3550 692 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 532 525 535 3550 693 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 524 516 525 3600 694 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 524 515 526 3800 695 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 528 513 529 3800 696 Camelina Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 530 514 532 4200 704 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 508 3600 Glucose/H2O 705 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 509 3600 Glucose/H2O 706 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 508 3600 Glucose/H2O 707 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 500 509 3600 Glucose/H2O 708 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 508 500 509 3600 Glucose/H2O 709 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 508 492 506 3800 Glucose/H2O 710 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 506 504 510 3700 Glucose/H2O 711 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 506 511 509 3600 Glucose/H2O 712 10%/90% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 501 513 3500 Glucose/H2O 716 5%/95% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 508 507 3700 Sucrose/ H2O 723 2%/98% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 499 498 509 3800 Starch/H2O 727 5% Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 505 483 505 3700 Cellobiose/ 95% H2O

TABLE A49 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table A48. Actual Water Feedstock Total Production Exp. Flow Flow rate Flow Rate Acid Rate (fuel No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) Number g/min) 671 5.999 2.06325 8.062 47.5 1.286 673 5.999 2.06325 8.062 2.42 1.252 674 5.999 2.06325 8.062 1.35 1.272 676 5.999 2.06325 8.062 20.6262 1.244 677 5.999 2.06325 8.062 25.7809 1.340 678 5.999 2.06325 8.062 36.2428 1.207 680 5.999 2.06325 8.062 56.8097 1.294 681 5.999 2.06325 8.062 75.0489 1.359 682 5.999 2.06325 8.062 86.8379 1.309 689 5.6 2.06 7.660 46.7 1.357 690 5.6 2.06 7.660 50.8 1.342 691 5.6 2.06 7.660 63.3 1.332 692 5.6 2.06 7.660 92.5 1.370 693 5.6 2.06 7.660 151 1.457 694 5.6 2.06 7.660 163 1.490 695 5.6 2.06 7.660 165 1.540 696 5.6 2.06 7.660 171 1.531

TABLE A50 Fuel Production from experiments 704-712 given in Table A48. Actual Water Feedstock Total Production Exp. Flow Flow rate Flow Rate Rate (fuel No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) g/min) 704 6.57 0.73 7.300 6.980 705 6.57 0.73 7.300 7.065 706 6.57 0.73 7.300 7.113 707 6.57 0.73 7.300 6.648 708 6.57 0.73 7.300 6.08 709 6.57 0.73 7.300 6.346 710 6.57 0.73 7.300 5.321 711 6.57 0.73 7.300 7.102 712 6.57 0.73 7.300 4.800

TABLE A51 GC-MS data for the reaction of 10% glucose in water at 500° C. over zirconium dioxide (experiment 705). % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 Acetone 80 1.37 3988184 0.48% 2 2-Butanone 80 1.669 15360339 1.84% 3 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1- 76 1.929 1350840 0.16% methyl- 4 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 76 1.963 1201309 0.14% 5 Cyclopentene, 3-methyl- 90 2.005 2262677 0.27% 6 2-Butanone, 3-methyl- 72 2.068 7656365 0.92% 7 2-Pentanone 90 2.324 8996490 1.08% 8 3-Pentanone 90 2.42 10070628 1.21% 9 1,3,5-Hexatriene, 3- 94 2.974 4672867 0.56% methyl-, (Z)- 10 1,4-Cyclohexadiene, 1- 94 3.03 905606 0.11% methyl- 11 3-Pentanone, 2-methyl- 72 3.118 5412462 0.65% 12 1,3-Pentadiene, 2,3- 43 3.148 2561302 0.31% dimethyl- 13 Cyclopentene, 1-ethyl- 90 3.178 1341594 0.16% 14 Toluene 83 3.374 2404310 0.29% 15 3-Hexanone 72 3.669 8142726 0.98% 16 Cyclopentanone 49 3.749 11736637 1.41% 17 E,Z-3- 81 3.948 2512430 0.30% Ethylidenecyclohexene 18 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3- 91 4.089 1805095 0.22% hexadiene 19 2,4,6-Octatriene, all-E- 91 4.59 1637238 0.20% 20 Cyclopentene, 3- 55 4.633 2611575 0.31% ethylidene-1-methyl- 21 3-Pentanone, 2,4- 49 4.662 2201080 0.26% dimethyl- 22 Cyclopentanone, 2- 95 4.697 10685347 1.28% methyl- 23 2,4,6-Octatriene, all-E- 87 4.758 5564644 0.67% 24 Cyclopentene, 1,2- 93 4.806 6246696 0.75% dimethyl-4-methylene- 25 Cyclopentanone, 3- 60 4.847 7866102 0.94% methyl- 26 Cyclopentene, 1,2- 91 5.097 1626883 0.20% dimethyl-4-methylene- 27 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 81 5.162 1747001 0.21% 28 2,3-Dimethyl-cyclohexa- 95 5.227 5295650 0.64% 1,3-diene 29 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 91 5.329 2594763 0.31% 30 4-Heptanone 43 5.442 1290002 0.16% 31 Cyclopentanone, 2,5- 58 5.62 1936782 0.23% dimethyl- 32 3-Heptanone 46 5.713 7577146 0.91% 33 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 38 5.829 4125905 0.50% 34 2-Octene, (Z)- 49 5.865 3356154 0.40% 35 Cyclopentene, 3- 95 6.025 2924874 0.35% ethylidene-1-methyl- 36 Cyclopentene, 3- 94 6.057 4453603 0.54% ethylidene-1-methyl- 37 3- 43 6.197 1585211 0.19% Methylenecycloheptene 38 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2- 60 6.256 2452661 0.29% methyl- 39 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 94 6.601 1433392 0.17% 5,5-dimethyl-2-ethyl- 40 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 93 6.652 1519479 0.18% 5,5-dimethyl-2-ethyl- 41 Ethanone, 1-cyclopentyl- 72 6.684 1475067 0.18% 42 3- 38 6.722 2839447 0.34% Ethylidenecycloheptene 43 Cyclopentanone, 2-ethyl- 95 6.85 7291018 0.88% 44 3,3-Dimethyl-6- 81 7.033 7097780 0.85% methylenecyclohexene 45 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 76 7.392 1538625 0.19% methyl- 46 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 91 7.536 2627719 0.32% 1,2,5,5-tetramethyl- 47 Benzene, 1-ethyl-3- 25 7.799 1674938 0.20% methyl- 48 1,3-Cyclohexanedione, 30 7.95 2557587 0.31% 2-methyl- 49 Phenol 62 7.993 6882409 0.83% 50 Benzene, 1,2,4- 50 8.117 4000432 0.48% trimethyl- 51 4-Pentenal, 2- 49 8.238 4191698 0.50% methylene- 52 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 6- 76 8.411 7146236 0.86% isopropylidene- 53 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 93 8.596 4129015 0.50% 1,2,5,5-tetramethyl- 54 Benzene, cyclopropyl- 50 9.039 8259763 0.99% 55 2,3,4,5- 59 9.099 4075157 0.49% Tetrahydropyridazine 56 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 91 9.166 7778712 0.93% 2,3-dimethyl- 57 Indene 76 9.252 5315042 0.64% 58 Phenol, 2-methyl- 97 9.568 10676755 1.28% 59 Ethanone, 1-(2-methyl-1- 76 9.711 6842259 0.82% cyclopenten-1-yl)- 60 Acetophenone 74 9.843 2954165 0.36% 61 Phenol, 3-methyl- 91 10.054 15219348 1.83% 62 Benzene, (1-methyl-1- 86 10.176 8350134 1.00% propenyl)-, (E)- 63 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 64 10.31 7176322 0.86% 3,4,4-trimethyl- 64 Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 53 10.603 4004055 0.48% 65 Benzofuran, 2-methyl- 55 10.706 6258583 0.75% 66 Cis-4-methyl-exo- 55 11.251 4173537 0.50% tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2.6)]decane 67 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 90 11.328 6245694 0.75% 5-methyl- 68 Phenol, 3-ethyl- 81 11.381 9972455 1.20% 69 1H-Indene, 3-methyl- 93 11.541 10699042 1.28% 70 Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl- 95 11.585 10611918 1.27% 71 Phenol, 2,3-dimethyl- 93 11.625 9901722 1.19% 72 Benzene, 1-butynyl- 91 11.695 11627188 1.40% 73 Phenol, 3-ethyl- 93 12.028 21221923 2.55% 74 Ethanone, 1-(3- 92 12.158 4130345 0.50% methylphenyl)- 75 Phenol, 2,3-dimethyl- 86 12.208 11090020 1.33% 76 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 70 12.349 5726828 0.69% 1,6-dimethyl- 77 3-Phenyl-3-pentene 60 12.468 6657697 0.80% 78 Benzene, (1,1-dimethyl- 80 12.572 10012481 1.20% 2-propenyl)- 79 1H-Indazole, 4,5,6,7- 64 12.743 5085026 0.61% tetrahydro-7-methyl- 80 Phenol, 2-propyl- 45 13.145 5305230 0.64% 81 Phenol, 2-ethyl-6- 87 13.253 4680193 0.56% methyl- 82 Phenol, 2-ethyl-6- 93 13.322 10391140 1.25% methyl- 83 Phenol, 2-ethyl-6- 81 13.456 6946848 0.83% methyl- 84 Phenol, 3-ethyl-5- 76 13.547 7026401 0.84% methyl- 85 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 93 13.738 4130859 0.50% 86 Phenol, 2-ethyl-6- 55 13.87 17007488 2.04% methyl- 87 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 92 13.966 6635470 0.80% 88 1H-Indene, 2,3-dimethyl- 89 14.041 10367487 1.25% 89 Phenol, 2,4,6-trimethyl- 95 14.121 10655745 1.28% 90 Phenol, 2-ethyl-6- 46 14.276 6332675 0.76% methyl- 91 Benzene, 1-(2-butenyl)- 46 14.375 3708097 0.45% 2,3-dimethyl- 92 2-Undecanone 50 14.524 7843375 0.94% 93 Phenol, 2,4,6-trimethyl- 95 14.734 3873778 0.47% 94 1H-Inden-1-one, 2,3- 64 14.852 3382447 0.41% dihydro-2-methyl- 95 Acetophenone, 4′- 38 14.907 3562386 0.43% methoxy- 96 1H-Inden-5-ol, 2,3- 50 15.024 8814214 1.06% dihydro- 97 1H-Inden-1-ol, 2,3- 68 15.461 4915500 0.59% dihydro- 98 1H-Inden-1-ol, 2,3- 83 15.502 1838563 0.22% dihydro- 99 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4- 60 15.552 4383988 0.53% (1-methylethyl)- 100 Phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1- 46 15.591 4981574 0.60% methylethyl)- 101 4-tert-Butyltoluene 58 15.645 10675696 1.28% 102 Ethanone, 1-(2-hydroxy- 70 15.8 8150442 0.98% 5-methylphenyl)- 103 Phenol, 2,3,5,6- 64 15.866 6025151 0.72% tetramethyl- 104 Benzene, pentamethyl- 90 15.923 8263964 0.99% 105 Benzene, 1,4-bis(1- 70 16.077 3820906 0.46% methylethenyl)- 106 Benzene, 1,4-bis(1- 86 16.192 1533064 0.18% methylethenyl)- 107 6-Methyl-4-indanol 55 16.275 2773137 0.33% 108 Benzene, pentamethyl- 74 16.339 6903202 0.83% 109 Benzene, pentamethyl- 76 16.378 7862588 0.94% 110 (2- 38 16.663 2971757 0.36% Methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile 111 1H-1-Silaindene, 2,3- 52 16.748 2389076 0.29% dihydro-1,1-dimethyl- 112 6-Methyl-4-indanol 91 16.842 3502622 0.42% 113 6-Methyl-4-indanol 64 16.904 8090663 0.97% 114 6-Methyl-4-indanol 64 17.06 9542193 1.15% 115 2-Isopropenyl-3,6- 52 17.139 8405066 1.01% dimethylpyrazine 116 3-Buten-2-one, 4-phenyl- 22 17.213 6429145 0.77% 117 Dewar benzene, 72 17.373 6444145 0.77% hexamethyl- 118 6-Methyl-4-indanol 70 17.435 7683443 0.92% 119 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4- 87 17.549 6649472 0.80% (1-methyl-2-propenyl)- 120 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4- 70 17.656 10605253 1.27% (1-methyl-2-propenyl)- 121 1H-Inden-1-ol, 2,3- 60 17.731 12339627 1.48% dihydro-3,3-dimethyl- 122 Silane, trimethyl(2- 30 18.074 5768503 0.69% phenylethenyl)- 123 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 81 18.265 6867565 0.82% 4,5-dimethyl- 124 Benzene, 1,2,4-triethyl- 53 18.534 4319080 0.52% 5-methyl- 125 1H-2-Silaindene,2,3- 60 18.597 5434700 0.65% dihydro-2,2-dimethyl- 126 2-Naphthalenol 53 18.781 2827671 0.34% 127 7-Methyltryptamine 46 18.837 3897260 0.47% 128 Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- 49 18.94 7221191 0.87% 2,2,4,6-tetramethyl- 129 1H-2-Silaindene,2,3- 49 19.051 3967304 0.48% dihydro-2,2-dimethyl- 130 Benzene, 1,2,4-triethyl- 27 19.094 3188197 0.38% 5-methyl- 131 Benzene, 1,2,4-triethyl- 27 19.132 3795050 0.46% 5-methyl- 132 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 55 19.242 2613407 0.31% tetrahydro-6,7-dimethyl- 133 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4- 46 19.421 2232024 0.27% (1-methyl-2-propenyl)- 134 1-Naphthalenol, 2- 38 19.477 2591904 0.31% methyl- 135 Benzo[b]thiophene, 55 19.619 3992179 0.48% 2,5,7-trimethyl- 136 Silane, trimethyl(2- 59 19.724 3818807 0.46% phenylethenyl)- 137 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene, 60 20.015 3696121 0.44% 3,4-diethyl-7,7-dimethyl- 138 1-Naphthalenol, 2- 70 20.287 11450363 1.38% methyl- 139 1-Naphthalenol, 2- 89 20.374 2596064 0.31% methyl- 140 1-Naphthalenol, 2- 58 20.748 4403322 0.53% methyl- 141 1-Naphthalenol, 4- 59 20.786 2476159 0.30% methyl- 142 1-Naphthalenol, 4- 38 20.879 6321130 0.76% methyl- 143 1,2-Dimethyltryptamine 38 21.15 2463917 0.30% 144 Naphthalene, 1,2- 46 21.555 1653690 0.20% dihydro-2,5,8-trimethyl- 145 1H-Pyrrole-2- 25 21.708 1449644 0.17% carboxaldehyde, 4- bromo- 146 Benzofuran, 3-methyl-2- 81 21.961 3675989 0.44% (1-methylethenyl)- 147 1-Naphthol, 5,7- 81 21.999 2253005 0.27% dimethyl- 148 Naphthalene, 1,4- 74 22.217 2866894 0.34% dihydro-2,5,8-trimethyl- 149 Benzofuran, 3-methyl-2- 81 22.443 1104985 0.13% (1-methylethenyl)- 150 Naphthalene, 1,4- 60 22.76 2588971 0.31% dihydro-2,5,8-trimethyl- 151 Naphthalene, 3-(1,1- 59 23.475 1816747 0.22% dimethylethyl)-1,2- dihydro- 152 4,6(1H,5H)- 38 26.368 1228033 0.15% Pyrimidinedione, 2- methoxy-1-methyl-5-(1- methylethyl)-5-(2- propenyl)-

TABLE A52 Reaction conditions for the reaction of cellulose with superheated water at 3.2 ml/min in 90 min collection. Reactor Temp. Actual Inlet before Preheater Temp. heater Back Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore size, Temp. (° C.), exchanger, Pressure No. Oil Type Type Surface Area (° C.) (T1) T2 T5 (PSI) 728 5 g cellulose Zirconia 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 439 479 454 3500 in 150 × 10 mm column

TABLE A53 Reaction conditions for the reaction of soybean oil with superheated zirconia colloids suspended in water through open tubular reactor Reactor Temp. Actual Inlet before Preheater Temp. heater Back Exp. Catalyst Particle Size, Pore size, Temp. (° C.) (° C.), exchanger, Pressure No. Oil Type Type Surface Area (T1) T2 T5 (PSI) 733 Soybean No N/A No 538 440 3500 Catalyst Preheater 734 Soybean No N/A No 550 438 3500 Catalyst Preheater 735 Soybean Zirconia in 1% Zirconia colloids No 532 455 3500 open tube Preheater 736 Soybean Zirconia in 1% Zirconia colloids No 541 423 3500 open tube Preheater 737 Soybean Zirconia in 1% Zirconia colloids No 538 432 3500 open tube Preheater 743 Soybean Zirconia in 1% Zirconia colloids No 430 533 3500 open tube (120 nm) suspended in Preheater water 744 Soybean Zirconia in 1% Zirconia colloids No 447 559 3500 open tube (120 nm) suspended in Preheater water 745 Soybean Zirconia in 1% Zirconia colloids No 434 542 3500 open tube (120 nm) suspended in Preheater water 746 Soybean No N/A No 480 583 3500 Catalyst Preheater 748 Soybean Zirconia in 8.4% Zirconia colloids No 480 600 3500 open tube (120 nm) suspended in Preheater water 749 Soybean Zirconia in 8.4% Zirconia colloids No 486 593 3500 open tube (120 nm) suspended in Preheater water 751 Soybean Zirconia in 8.4% Zirconia colloids No 468 558 3500 open tube (120 nm) suspended in Preheater water

TABLE A54 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table A53. Actual Water Actual Oil Total Production Exp. Flow Flow rate Flow Rate Acid Rate (fuel No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) Number g/min) 733 2.88 1.12 4.000 159.0 0.678 734 2.88 1.12 4.000 167.0 1.143 735 2.88 1.12 4.000 165.0 0.211 736 2.88 1.12 4.000 169.0 0.740 737 2.88 1.12 4.000 168.0 0.780 743 2.88 1.12 4.000 171.0 0.781 744 2.88 1.12 4.000 179.0 0.673 745 2.88 1.12 4.000 181.0 0.791 746 2.88 1.12 4.000 150.0 0.600 748 2.88 1.12 4.000 123.0 0.421 749 2.88 1.12 4.000 80.0 0.43 751 2.88 1.12 4.000 6.9 0.480

TABLE A55 GC-MS data for the reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water and no catalyst at 500° C. (experiment 746). Peak % Prob- % of # Peak Name ability RT Area Total 1 2-Nonynoic acid 38 1.198 2617288 0.41% 2 1-Pentene 90 1.296 8913520 1.39% 3 1,4-Pentadiene 91 1.375 974721 0.15% 4 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 90 1.402 2798771 0.44% 5 Cyclopentene 90 1.444 3688622 0.58% 6 1-Hexene 94 1.545 15322663 2.39% 7 Hexane 72 1.581 5768995 0.90% 8 3-Hexene, (E)- 90 1.615 2154942 0.34% 9 Cyclopropane, 1,1- 86 1.653 3361825 0.53% dimethyl-2-methylene- 10 Cyclopentane, methyl- 76 1.731 3276703 0.51% 11 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1- 93 1.814 2746069 0.43% methyl- 12 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1- 93 1.845 2158509 0.34% methyl- 13 Cyclopentene, 3-methyl- 87 1.881 5878405 0.92% 14 Benzene 91 1.955 15563713 2.43% 15 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 70 2.02 4419746 0.69% 16 Cyclohexene 90 2.099 6893141 1.08% 17 1-Heptene 96 2.17 15469302 2.42% 18 Heptane 58 2.257 4992863 0.78% 19 2-Heptene, (E)- 90 2.346 2926618 0.46% 20 Cyclohexane, methyl- 81 2.533 5813211 0.91% 21 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 93 2.764 4489968 0.70% 22 Cyclopentane, 72 3.018 3213590 0.50% ethylidene- 23 1,3,5-Hexatriene, 3- 91 3.117 1999427 0.31% methyl-, (E)- 24 Toluene 93 3.178 20599013 3.22% 25 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 76 3.217 9072600 1.42% 26 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 90 3.412 2832078 0.44% 27 cis-1-Butyl-2- 94 3.568 9684056 1.51% methylcyclopropane 28 Heptane, 2,4-dimethyl- 64 3.731 3133388 0.49% 29 2-Octene, (E)- 62 3.869 2101606 0.33% 30 Ethylbenzene 91 5.008 7503587 1.17% 31 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 95 5.215 3655829 0.57% 32 1-Nonene 96 5.652 6451929 1.01% 33 p-Xylene 55 5.691 8633153 1.35% 34 Nonane 38 5.848 6314855 0.99% 35 Cyclopentene,1-(2- 43 6.958 3457631 0.54% methylpropyl)- 36 Benzene, propyl- 87 7.112 5120330 0.80% 37 1-Decene 93 7.978 10073046 1.57% 38 Benzene, 1,3,5- 55 8.067 3240524 0.51% trimethyl- 39 Heptanoic acid 43 8.178 6544367 1.02% 40 Hexanoic acid 64 8.221 2220051 0.35% 41 Indane 68 9.002 4070328 0.64% 42 Benzene, butyl- 90 9.477 6700767 1.05% 43 Benzene, (2-methyl-1- 83 10.164 4635530 0.72% propenyl)- 44 7-Octen-4-ol, 2-methyl- 37 10.192 3576142 0.56% 6-methylene-, (S)- 45 1-Undecanol 80 10.256 24317656 3.80% 46 Heptanoic acid 72 10.397 6646008 1.04% 47 Heptanoic acid 86 10.429 7822034 1.22% 48 3,4-Octadiene, 7-methyl- 52 11.027 3771656 0.59% 49 Benzene, 1-butynyl- 60 11.546 9119280 1.42% 50 Benzene, pentyl- 95 11.696 20724751 3.24% 51 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 78 11.798 4199838 0.66% tetrahydro- 52 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(2- 76 11.926 4648545 0.73% methylpropyl)- 53 7-Octenoic acid 64 12.185 3462368 0.54% 54 Cyclohexanepropanol- 38 12.212 4475956 0.70% 55 Octanoic Acid 87 12.326 4643006 0.73% 56 1-Dodecene 95 12.409 7438370 1.16% 57 Benzene, pentyl- 47 13.826 4217715 0.66% 58 Undecylenic Acid 38 14.082 5792166 0.91% 59 6-Tridecene 94 14.434 3953454 0.62% 60 3-Pentenoic acid, 3- 45 15.911 4009579 0.63% methyl-, methyl ester 61 1-Tetradecene 97 16.326 7225436 1.13% 62 Undecylenic Acid 58 17.652 5091764 0.80% 63 Cyclohexadecane 91 18.118 1478540 0.23% 64 1-Hexadecene 98 19.81 3299587 0.52% 65 8-Phenyloctanoic acid 64 23.813 4859446 0.76% 66 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.447 73925826 11.55% 67 9-Octadecenoic acid, 98 27.799 99834717 15.59% (E)- 68 9,17-Octadecadienal, 98 27.849 15435125 2.41% (Z)- 69 9,12-Octadecadienoic 97 27.879 24765057 3.87% acid (Z,Z)- 70 Octadecanoic acid 99 28.063 29204848 4.56% 71 Tetrasiloxane, 59 43.87 851750 0.13% decamethyl-

TABLE A57 Reaction conditions for open tubular reactor (experiments 755-760). Reactor Actual Inlet Preheater Temp. Back Exp. Reactor Particle Size, Pore Temp. (° C.) (° C.), Pressure No. Oil Type Type size, Surface Area (T1) T2 (PSI) 755 Soybean Oil Open Tube 9.7% Zirconia colloids 515 515 3400 756 Soybean Oil Open Tube 9.7% Zirconia colloids 550 550 3400 757 Soybean Oil Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 550 550 3400 758 Algae Oil Open Tube 9.7% Zirconia colloids 550 550 3400 759 5% Algae Open Tube 9.7% Zirconia colloids 550 550 550 powder 760 5% Cellulose Open Tube 9.7% Zirconia colloids 550 550 550

TABLE A58 Further reaction conditions for open tubular reactor (experiments 755-760). Actual Water Actual Oil Total Exp. Flow Flow rate Flow Rate Acid No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) Number 755 3.7 1.44 5.14 14.5 756 3.7 1.44 5.14 13.1 757 3.7 1.44 5.14 66.7 758 3.7 1.44 5.14 0.95 759 3 2.7 5.7 2.94 760 3 2.7 5.7 2.96

TABLE A60 GC-MS data for the reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water with 9.7% colloidal zirconia at 550° C. (experiment 756). % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 Benzene, 1,3-bis(3- 93 0.147 80031864 0.55% phenoxyphenoxy)- 2 Pentane 9 1.369 19049044 0.13% 3 2-Butanone 53 1.673 26241623 0.18% 4 Cyclopentane, methyl- 90 1.833 11426084 0.08% 5 Benzene 91 2.078 229857602 1.59% 6 Hexane, 3-methyl- 47 2.319 20942564 0.15% 7 Cyclohexane, methyl- 94 2.69 17549439 0.12% 8 Toluene 91 3.35 887801118 6.13% 9 2-Hexanone 49 3.731 19019583 0.13% 10 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 91 5.128 655483555 4.52% 11 p-Xylene 97 5.303 587857915 4.06% 12 p-Xylene 95 5.805 577210166 3.98% 13 Benzene, (1- 91 6.489 46810327 0.32% methylethyl)- 14 Tetracyclo[3.3.1.0(2,8).0 95 6.995 18570635 0.13% (4,6)]-non-2-ene 15 Benzene, propyl- 91 7.152 116255497 0.80% 16 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.362 513765595 3.55% methyl- 17 Benzene, 1,3,5- 94 7.501 27852807 0.19% trimethyl- 18 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 94 7.759 258345830 1.78% methyl- 19 .alpha.-Methylstyrene 95 7.817 27429259 0.19% 20 Benzene, 1,2,4- 95 8.074 305684114 2.11% trimethyl- 21 Benzene, 1-ethenyl-2- 95 8.133 40372476 0.28% methyl- 22 Benzene, ethenylmethyl- 95 8.175 46570685 0.32% 23 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 76 8.715 74642933 0.52% 24 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-(1- 97 8.775 14238987 0.10% methylethyl)- 25 Benzene, cyclopropyl- 95 8.819 51768852 0.36% 26 Tetracyclo[3.3.1.0(2,8).0 83 9.013 239735550 1.66% (4,6)]-non-2-ene 27 Indene 94 9.227 372864499 2.57% 28 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 96 9.34 74978876 0.52% 29 Benzene, 1-methyl-3- 91 9.38 43601748 0.30% propyl- 30 Naphthalene, 90 9.48 116228908 0.80% 1,2,3,5,8,8a-hexahydro- 31 Benzene, 4-ethyl-1,2- 93 9.538 61477255 0.42% dimethyl- 32 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 96 9.602 43501561 0.30% 33 Benzene, 1-methyl-4- 90 9.722 28192820 0.20% propyl- 34 Acetophenone 93 9.761 37184541 0.26% 35 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2,3- 96 9.955 71839578 0.50% dimethyl- 36 Benzene, 1,2,4,5- 94 9.995 49098485 0.34% tetramethyl- 37 Benzene, 1-butynyl- 95 10.055 64601680 0.45% 38 Benzene, (2-methyl-1- 78 10.144 229512446 1.58% propenyl)- 39 Benzene, 1-ethenyl-3- 55 10.315 22918595 0.16% ethyl- 40 Benzene, 4-ethyl-1,2- 95 10.589 22997781 0.16% dimethyl- 41 Benzene, 1,2,4,5- 60 10.806 24273112 0.17% tetramethyl- 42 2,4-Dimethylstyrene 96 11.016 27968313 0.19% 43 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(2- 95 11.135 16271572 0.11% propenyl)- 44 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 95 11.297 130505902 0.90% 5-methyl- 45 Benzene, 1,3-diethyl-5- 93 11.428 26551959 0.18% methyl- 46 2-Methylindene 94 11.549 555065755 3.83% 47 Benzene, 1,3-diethyl- 38 11.611 23078409 0.16% 48 2-Methylindene 94 11.675 432754307 2.99% 49 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 95 11.787 41925800 0.29% tetrahydro- 50 Benzene, 2,4-diethyl-1- 95 11.816 53968575 0.37% methyl- 51 Benzene, 1,4-diethyl-2- 87 11.95 28275216 0.20% methyl- 52 Isobutyrophenone 93 12.096 39714124 0.27% 53 1H-Indene, 2,3-dimethyl- 96 12.207 23364956 0.16% 54 Naphthalene 95 12.295 703454883 4.86% 55 Benzene, (2-methyl-1- 64 12.45 40708206 0.28% butenyl)- 56 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 62 12.547 58452874 0.40% 1,2-dimethyl- 57 Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5- 64 13.092 19559174 0.14% triene, 7-butyl- 58 2-Ethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H- 87 13.269 33121350 0.23% indene 59 Bicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7- 76 13.304 35686879 0.25% triene, 7-ethyl- 60 1H-Indene, 1-ethenyl- 87 13.404 28402491 0.20% 2,3-dihydro- 61 2-Ethyl-1-H-indene 94 13.506 76587579 0.53% 62 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 96 13.606 26346034 0.18% 4,7-dimethyl- 63 2-Ethyl-1-H-indene 93 13.653 16230336 0.11% 64 1H-Indene, 1,1-dimethyl- 94 13.704 86628935 0.60% 65 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 97 13.827 174506586 1.20% 66 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 93 13.883 15458345 0.11% 1,2-dimethyl- 67 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 90 13.938 159943857 1.10% 68 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 96 14.017 58930703 0.41% 69 Benzene, 1-(2-butenyl)- 70 14.11 26242344 0.18% 2,3-dimethyl- 70 Naphthalene, 1,2- 55 14.212 27008249 0.19% dihydro-6-methyl- 71 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 70 14.252 36911462 0.26% 1,2-dimethyl- 72 Naphthalene, 1,2- 70 14.432 36943696 0.26% dihydro-6-methyl- 73 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 91 14.539 517304231 3.57% 74 1,4- 91 14.86 385977767 2.66% Methanonaphthalene, 1,4-dihydro- 75 1,2,3-Trimethylindene 95 15.484 25643775 0.18% 76 1H-Indene, 1,1,3- 93 15.557 46539775 0.32% trimethyl- 77 (1-Methylpenta-2,4- 91 15.653 32700134 0.23% dienyl)benzene 78 1,2,3-Trimethylindene 94 15.809 23040004 0.16% 79 1H-Indene, 1,1,3- 93 16.042 41394717 0.29% trimethyl- 80 Biphenyl 93 16.127 61430928 0.42% 81 Naphthalene, 1-ethyl- 96 16.397 161980790 1.12% 82 Naphthalene, 1-ethyl- 95 16.461 84154914 0.58% 83 Naphthalene, 2,7- 97 16.599 91859827 0.63% dimethyl- 84 Naphthalene, 2,7- 97 16.872 130480153 0.90% dimethyl- 85 Naphthalene, 2,7- 96 16.932 83484571 0.58% dimethyl- 86 Naphthalene, 2-ethenyl- 87 17.064 17625242 0.12% 87 Benzene, 2,4- 53 17.162 38766993 0.27% cyclohexadien-1-yl- 88 Naphthalene, 2,7- 97 17.227 53344435 0.37% dimethyl- 89 Naphthalene, 1,5- 97 17.281 43255010 0.30% dimethyl- 90 Biphenylene 81 17.406 43641645 0.30% 91 Naphthalene, 1,5- 95 17.502 49209927 0.34% dimethyl- 92 Benzene, [1-(2,4- 64 18.027 127597677 0.88% cyclopentadien-1- ylidene)ethyl]- 93 Naphthalene, 1-propyl- 87 18.093 15714131 0.11% 94 1,1′-Biphenyl, 2-methyl- 93 18.197 20550179 0.14% 95 Naphthalene, 1,4,6- 95 18.225 13769874 0.10% trimethyl- 96 Naphthalene, 2-(1- 94 18.366 48656115 0.34% methylethyl)- 97 Naphthalene, 1,4,6- 94 18.423 16222467 0.11% trimethyl- 98 Azulene, 4,6,8-trimethyl- 94 18.458 24735678 0.17% 99 Naphthalene, 1,4,6- 95 18.565 25098161 0.17% trimethyl- 100 Naphthalene, 1,4,6- 95 18.674 39180361 0.27% trimethyl- 101 Naphthalene, 1,6,7- 95 18.758 34327380 0.24% trimethyl- 102 Naphthalene, 1,4,5- 97 18.826 33862530 0.23% trimethyl- 103 Naphthalene, 2,3,6- 96 19.096 64621148 0.45% trimethyl- 104 Naphthalene, 1,4,5- 94 19.157 25682699 0.18% trimethyl- 105 1H-Phenalene 76 19.402 107877073 0.75% 106 Fluorene 72 19.632 32982462 0.23% 107 Fluorene 91 19.717 158573255 1.09% 108 Naphthalene, 1,4,5- 74 19.792 48034113 0.33% trimethyl- 109 1- 94 19.938 60007028 0.41% Isopropenylnaphthalene 110 Naphthalene, 1-(2- 90 20.016 85873649 0.59% propenyl)- 111 Fluorene-9-methanol 59 20.061 62941169 0.43% 112 1-Hydroxy-4-(1- 80 20.14 53522031 0.37% hydroxyiminoethyl)- 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3- imidazoline 113 Fluorene 90 20.312 44118608 0.30% 114 Fluorene 83 20.412 42135969 0.29% 115 3,3′-Dimethylbiphenyl 46 21.44 19267169 0.13% 116 3,3′-Dimethylbiphenyl 81 21.498 21099463 0.15% 117 9H-Fluorene, 2-methyl- 97 21.55 59857286 0.41% 118 9H-Fluorene, 1-methyl- 98 21.59 66896231 0.46% 119 9H-Fluorene, 3-methyl- 97 21.697 97285015 0.67% 120 9H-Fluorene, 9,9- 55 21.811 30066632 0.21% dimethyl- 121 9H-Fluorene, 2-methyl- 95 21.866 68766092 0.48% 122 3H-Benz[e]indene, 2- 94 22.227 33517820 0.23% methyl- 123 Phenanthrene 93 22.83 104105201 0.72% 124 Diphenylethyne 93 22.986 38618934 0.27% 125 9H-Fluoren-9-one, 49 23.025 17114226 0.12% hydrazone 126 Phenanthrene, 9,10- 83 23.131 33201589 0.23% dihydro-1-methyl- 127 9H-Fluorene, 2,3- 94 23.351 31427126 0.22% dimethyl- 128 9H-Fluorene, 2,3- 95 23.428 25311717 0.18% dimethyl- 129 9H-Fluorene, 2,3- 95 23.482 22191680 0.15% dimethyl- 130 9H-Fluorene, 2,3- 97 23.554 18279718 0.13% dimethyl- 131 9H-Fluorene, 2,3- 95 23.761 38301471 0.26% dimethyl- 132 Phenanthrene, 1-methyl- 96 24.509 45672918 0.32% 133 Phenanthrene, 1-methyl- 96 24.595 47211396 0.33% 134 Anthracene, 1-methyl- 96 24.73 37737529 0.26% 135 4H- 49 24.824 40624600 0.28% Cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene 136 Phenanthrene, 1-methyl- 96 24.868 47764148 0.33% 137 1H- 96 24.938 46518674 0.32% Cyclopropa[l]phenanthrene, 1a,9b-dihydro- 138 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.42 85824501 0.59% 139 1,1,4a-Trimethyl-5,6- 74 25.578 16615452 0.12% dimethylenedecahydronaphthalene 140 Phenanthrene, 4,5- 91 26.048 15561141 0.11% dimethyl- 141 Phenanthrene, 2,3- 94 26.191 20143239 0.14% dimethyl- 142 Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene 78 26.377 30402123 0.21% 143 Phenanthrene, 2,5- 93 26.436 23332198 0.16% dimethyl- 144 1,4-Ethenoanthracene, 81 26.495 26696255 0.18% 1,4-dihydro- 145 Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene 78 26.514 30210531 0.21% 146 2,4(1H,3H)- 89 26.69 44550768 0.31% Pyrimidinedione, 5- bromo-6-methyl-3-(1- methylethyl)- 147 Fluoranthene 94 26.809 27229994 0.19% 148 Fluoranthene 42 27.152 20700448 0.14% 149 Pyrene 96 27.481 99779321 0.69% 150 Naphthalene, 1-phenyl- 78 27.576 15923902 0.11% 151 9,12-Octadecadienoic 96 27.803 224664445 1.55% acid (Z,Z)- 152 9,12-Octadecadienoic 96 27.877 86290860 0.60% acid (Z,Z)- 153 5-(1- 46 28.064 74297830 0.51% Naphthyl)tricyclo[4.1.0.0] hept-3-ene 154 Fluoranthene, 2-methyl- 94 28.747 43463259 0.30% 155 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene 93 28.961 29844929 0.21% 156 Pyrene, 1-methyl- 97 29.039 37030660 0.26% 157 5-(1- 42 29.291 23697854 0.16% Naphthyl)tricyclo[4.1.0.0] hept-3-ene 158 Pyrene, 1-methyl- 94 29.327 32250741 0.22% 159 Pyrene, 1-methyl- 96 29.423 34164867 0.24% 160 Pyrene, 1,3-dimethyl- 96 30.196 14203088 0.10% 161 Pyrene, 1,3-dimethyl- 60 30.26 19928142 0.14% 162 Triphenylene 96 31.585 21473461 0.15% 163 Triphenylene 96 31.706 19364062 0.13% 164 Chrysene, 4-methyl- 95 32.998 24213228 0.17%

TABLE A61 Reaction conditions for the reaction of soybean oil with superheated zirconia colloids suspended in water through open tubular reactor. Reactor Actual Inlet Preheater Temp. Back Exp. Reactor Particle Size, Pore Temp. (° C.) (° C.), Pressure No. Oil Type Type size, Surface Area (T1) T2 (PSI) 761 Soybean Oil Open Tube 0.95% Sea in salt 550 546 3400 water 762 Soybean Oil Open Tube 0.95% Sea in salt 515 515 3400 water 763 Soybean Oil Open Tube 4.4% Zirconia colloids 512 512 4500 764 Soybean Oil Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 550 550 3900 765 Soybean Oil Open Tube 0.95% Sea in salt 550 550 3800 water 766 Soybean Oil Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 515 515 3900 767 Soybean Oil ZR101112A 10 um/300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 500 500 3400 768 Soybean Oil Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 519 490 3800 769 Soybean Oil Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 560 545 3800 770 4.9% Aspen Open Tube 4.5% zirconia colloids 500 500 3400 771 4.9% Aspen Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 500 500 3400 772 5% Open Tube 7% colloids in water 500 500 3250 Camelina Meal in water 773 5% Open Tube 7% colloids in water 525 520 3250 Camelina Meal in water 774 5.3% Algae Open Tube 7% colloids in water 500 495 3250 Powder in water 775 Soybean Oil Open Tube 1% K2CO3 in water 410 380 3500 776 Soybean Oil Open Tube 1% K2CO3 in water 469 430 3500 777 Soybean Oil Open Tube 1% K2CO3 in water 506 462 3500 778 Soybean Oil Open Tube 1% K2CO3 in water 541 499 3500 779 5.3% Algae Open Tube 7% colloids in water 548 545 3250 Powder in water 780 5.3% Algae Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 498 387 3250 Powder in water 781 10% Yeast in Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 499 387 3250 water 782 10% Yeast in Open Tube Blank (no colloids) 547 390 3250 water 783 10% Yeast in Open Tube 7% colloids in water 499 500 3250 water 784 10% Yeast in Open Tube 7% colloids in water 550 548 3250 water

TABLE A62 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table 61. Actual Water Actual Oil Total Flow Exp. Flow Flow rate Rate No. (min/min) (min/Min) (ml/min) 761 3.7 1.4385 5.139 762 3.7 1.4385 5.139 763 3.7 1.4385 5.139 764 3.7 1.4385 5.139 765 3.7 1.4385 5.139 766 3.7 1.4385 5.139 767 5.999 2.06325 8.062 768 8.780 3.120 11.900 769 8.780 3.120 11.900 770 3.804 0.196 4.000 771 3.804 0.196 4.000 772 3.800 0.200 4.000 773 5.800 0.200 6.000 774 5.788 0.212 6.000 775 1.840 0.660 2.500 776 1.840 0.660 2.500 777 1.840 0.660 2.500 778 1.840 0.660 2.500 779 5.788 0.212 6.000 780 5.788 0.212 6.000 781 4.600 0.400 5.000 782 4.600 0.400 5.000 783 4.600 0.400 5.000 784 4.600 0.400 5.000

TABLE A63 MS data obtained for the supercritical salt water (0.95%) decomposition of soybean oil at 515 degrees C. % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 Propene 90 1.199 9708100 0.15% 2 1-Butene 52 1.245 45356387 0.72% 3 1-Pentene 90 1.349 116637632 1.85% 4 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 90 1.464 9072678 0.14% 5 Cyclopentene 91 1.51 38671333 0.61% 6 1-Pentene 80 1.54 19440829 0.31% 7 1-Hexene 91 1.624 86076812 1.37% 8 Hexane 83 1.661 59581335 0.95% 9 3-Hexene, (E)- 91 1.695 38804873 0.62% 10 Cyclobutene, 3,3- 64 1.743 41864782 0.66% dimethyl- 11 Cyclopentane, methyl- 91 1.826 42309712 0.67% 12 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 92 1.917 9891003 0.16% methyl- 13 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- 90 1.991 73857450 1.17% 14 Benzene 91 2.072 180759145 2.87% 15 Cyclohexene 93 2.23 69805783 1.11% 16 1-Heptene 95 2.315 113148533 1.80% 17 Heptane 91 2.403 79953445 1.27% 18 Cyclobutane, (1- 76 2.454 28480440 0.45% methylethylidene)- 19 2-Heptene 94 2.49 27744382 0.44% 20 2-Heptene 93 2.585 25840630 0.41% 21 Cyclohexane, methyl- 93 2.681 73502095 1.17% 22 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 96 2.827 20552606 0.33% 23 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 94 2.907 47923178 0.76% 24 Cyclobutane, (1- 87 3.125 20492637 0.33% methylethylidene)- 25 Cyclopentane, 91 3.155 38310546 0.61% ethylidene- 26 Toluene 94 3.327 376780243 5.98% 27 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 91 3.369 77708239 1.23% 28 1-Octene 95 3.716 70256197 1.12% 29 Cyclohexane, 1,2- 89 3.816 16837962 0.27% dimethyl-, trans- 30 Octane 83 3.869 50268629 0.80% 31 4-Octene, (Z)- 93 4 21537532 0.34% 32 1-Decyne 72 4.265 15884833 0.25% 33 trans-3,5- 91 4.34 17885439 0.28% Dimethylcyclohexene 34 1,4-Dimethyl-1- 94 4.395 11753134 0.19% cyclohexene 35 Cyclohexane, ethyl- 93 4.491 22781079 0.36% 36 2-Ethyl-3- 91 4.605 8801185 0.14% methylcyclopentene 37 Cyclohexene, 1,6- 91 4.732 11032938 0.18% dimethyl- 38 4-Octyne 59 4.789 13209902 0.21% 39 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 93 4.842 17737449 0.28% 40 Pentalene, 90 4.972 16926642 0.27% 1,2,3,3a,4,6a- hexahydro- 41 Ethylbenzene 91 5.095 135169096 2.15% 42 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 97 5.269 122457208 1.94% 43 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 95 5.772 157758464 2.50% 44 Nonane 91 5.934 32397469 0.51% 45 3-Nonene 56 6.076 13375033 0.21% 46 Benzene, 1,3,5- 46 6.484 13390781 0.21% trimethyl- 47 1H-Indene, octahydro-, 43 6.997 34774706 0.55% cis- 48 Benzene, propyl- 91 7.142 62699078 1.00% 49 Benzene, 1-ethyl-3- 95 7.332 41322628 0.66% methyl- 50 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.358 37869354 0.60% methyl- 51 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.74 41103838 0.65% methyl- 52 1-Decene 97 8.014 25712372 0.41% 53 Benzene, 1,3,5- 97 8.056 33159479 0.53% trimethyl- 54 Decane 96 8.206 12565334 0.20% 55 1H-Indene, 2,3,4,5,6,7- 90 8.461 25256115 0.40% hexahydro- 56 Hexanoic acid 20 8.705 51261258 0.81% 57 Benzene, cyclopropyl- 92 8.824 14538703 0.23% 58 Tetracyclo[3.3.1.0(2,8).0 74 8.995 72646950 1.15% (4,6)]-non-2-ene 59 Indene 93 9.205 29111298 0.46% 60 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 94 9.329 19477440 0.31% 61 Benzene, 1-methyl-3- 93 9.374 21129506 0.34% propyl- 62 Benzene, butyl- 91 9.471 61939987 0.98% 63 Cyclohexane, 1- 81 9.67 17047681 0.27% propenyl- 64 Benzene, 1-methyl-2- 91 9.715 20738679 0.33% propyl- 65 Benzene, 4-ethyl-1,2- 94 9.949 12624499 0.20% dimethyl- 66 Indan, 1-methyl- 93 10.137 76105651 1.21% 67 1-Undecene 96 10.261 52444043 0.83% 68 Undecane 83 10.442 29956101 0.48% 69 5-Undecene 95 10.564 74771634 1.19% 70 4-Undecene, (E)- 78 10.749 37383168 0.59% 71 Cyclooctane, ethenyl- 43 11 41401454 0.66% 72 3a,6-Methano-3ah- 91 11.287 50351907 0.80% indene, 2,3,6,7- tetrahydro- 73 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 64 11.427 30165579 0.48% methylpropyl)- 74 1,2-Butadiene, 3-phenyl- 70 11.509 103262943 1.64% 75 2-Butanone, 1-amino-1- 22 11.592 19659741 0.31% phenyl- 76 Benzene, 1-butynyl- 93 11.646 27126219 0.43% 77 Benzene, pentyl- 81 11.685 83973018 1.33% 78 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 96 11.768 38061199 0.60% tetrahydro- 79 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(2- 87 11.895 17771063 0.28% methylpropyl)- 80 Naphthalene 91 12.247 58473101 0.93% 81 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1- 90 12.319 32691508 0.52% methyl-2-propenyl)- 82 4-Dodecene, (E)- 93 12.394 46168930 0.73% 83 2-Ethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H- 81 12.433 29802968 0.47% indene 84 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 70 12.54 93325560 1.48% 1,2-dimethyl- 85 Pentalene, octahydro-1- 62 12.674 22320083 0.35% methyl- 86 Benzene, (1-methyl-1- 91 13.091 18970721 0.30% butenyl)- 87 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 70 13.602 14745353 0.23% 1,2-dimethyl- 88 1H-Indene, 1-ethenyl- 70 13.651 16880727 0.27% 2,3-dihydro- 89 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 96 13.702 22288709 0.35% 90 Benzene, hexyl- 60 13.797 50104414 0.80% 91 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 70 13.914 43578483 0.69% tetrahydro-5-methyl- 92 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 93 14.011 16258607 0.26% 93 Benzene, (3-methyl-2- 45 14.247 30258470 0.48% butenyl)- 94 1-Tridecene 98 14.408 76401175 1.21% 95 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 94 14.5 44943148 0.71% 96 Naphthalene, 1-methyl- 94 14.828 37408436 0.59% 97 1-Tetradecene 98 16.304 23655205 0.38% 98 Naphthalene, 2,6- 94 16.874 9245038 0.15% dimethyl- 99 Cyclopentene, 1-octyl- 50 17.448 16128673 0.26% 100 13-Tetradece-11-yn-1-ol 42 17.668 26132125 0.42% 101 Undecylenic Acid 90 17.739 39472537 0.63% 102 Z-9-Tetradecenal 64 17.943 20650054 0.33% 103 1-Pentadecene 89 18.098 24333546 0.39% 104 Azulene, 4,6,8-trimethyl- 74 19.106 23718923 0.38% 105 Decalin, syn-1-methyl-, 53 19.372 26547723 0.42% cis- 106 1,12-Tridecadiene 90 19.467 44350826 0.70% 107 1,12-Tridecadiene 93 19.539 20541778 0.33% 108 Z-8-Hexadecene 98 19.784 15545768 0.25% 109 8-Phenyloctanoic acid 95 23.834 30993914 0.49% 110 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.523 265594474 4.21% 111 9-Octadecenoic acid, 99 27.963 841771928 13.36% (E)- 112 9-Octadecenoic acid, 99 28.022 243847685 3.87% (E)- 113 Octadecanoic acid 98 28.179 115671719 1.84%

TABLE A64 MS data obtained for the supercritical salt water (0.95%) decomposition of soybean oil at 515 degrees C. with zirconia colloids. % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 1-Butene 52 1.246 36105212 0.62% 2 Pentane 59 1.362 102392212 1.75% 3 Cyclopentene 90 1.511 23065008 0.39% 4 Cyclopentane 52 1.539 20673729 0.35% 5 1-Hexene 94 1.625 58285600 1.00% 6 Hexane 64 1.661 82910775 1.42% 7 3-Hexene 90 1.694 39354228 0.67% 8 3-Hexene, (Z)- 70 1.745 38535001 0.66% 9 Cyclopentane, methyl- 91 1.827 41437190 0.71% 10 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 92 1.918 9335315 0.16% methyl- 11 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- 90 1.992 60230155 1.03% 12 Benzene 94 2.074 116845210 2.00% 13 Cyclohexene 94 2.232 52157832 0.89% 14 1-Heptene 90 2.316 94977669 1.62% 15 Heptane 91 2.404 136387523 2.33% 16 2-Heptene 93 2.49 33114868 0.57% 17 (Z)-3-Heptene 64 2.586 24454677 0.42% 18 Cyclohexane, methyl- 93 2.682 74572064 1.28% 19 Cyclopentane, ethyl- 96 2.829 23591240 0.40% 20 Cyclohexene, 4-methyl- 91 2.91 37494627 0.64% 21 Cyclopropane, 1-methyl- 87 3.128 16158954 0.28% 1-isopropenyl- 22 Cyclopentane, 91 3.156 39465096 0.68% ethylidene- 23 Toluene 91 3.323 254609008 4.35% 24 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl- 91 3.367 81860585 1.40% 25 Cyclooctane 90 3.717 69904735 1.20% 26 Cyclohexane, 1,2- 94 3.818 19310701 0.33% dimethyl-, trans- 27 Octane 91 3.871 89693470 1.53% 28 2-Octene, (E)- 93 4.001 23617300 0.40% 29 2-Octene, (E)- 95 4.151 13239962 0.23% 30 1,4-Dimethyl-1- 93 4.398 13362343 0.23% cyclohexene 31 Cyclohexane, ethyl- 94 4.493 31333046 0.54% 32 Cyclohexene, 1,6- 92 4.735 13215451 0.23% dimethyl- 33 4-Octyne 53 4.789 15384093 0.26% 34 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- 83 4.845 16332373 0.28% 35 cis-Bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-2- 91 4.974 17282945 0.30% ene 36 Ethylbenzene 91 5.097 109743602 1.88% 37 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 97 5.271 108222945 1.85% 38 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 95 5.771 125866066 2.15% 39 Nonane 91 5.937 46800108 0.80% 40 cis-3-Nonene 46 6.078 21842825 0.37% 41 cis-1,4-Dimethyl-2- 45 6.487 12096334 0.21% methylenecyclohexane 42 Cyclopentane, butyl- 95 6.674 15003407 0.26% 43 Cyclopentene,1-(2- 50 7.001 28050199 0.48% methylpropyl)- 44 Benzene, propyl- 87 7.145 48069163 0.82% 45 Benzene, 1-ethyl-3- 95 7.336 68969720 1.18% methyl- 46 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 95 7.742 42916942 0.73% methyl- 47 1-Decene 97 8.016 30195345 0.52% 48 Benzene, 1,2,4- 95 8.062 51439801 0.88% trimethyl- 49 Decane 96 8.208 55144514 0.94% 50 cis-3-Decene 86 8.346 32584007 0.56% 51 1H-Indene, 2,3,4,5,6,7- 91 8.464 37214748 0.64% hexahydro- 52 Benzene, 1,3,5- 46 8.712 21279789 0.36% trimethyl- 53 Tetracyclo[3.3.1.0(2,8).0 81 8.997 69099538 1.18% (4,6)]-non-2-ene 54 Benzene, 1-propynyl- 93 9.215 13062233 0.22% 55 Benzene, 1,2-diethyl- 86 9.332 16511910 0.28% 56 Benzene, 1-methyl-3- 93 9.376 23456377 0.40% propyl- 57 Benzene, butyl- 87 9.474 58868375 1.01% 58 Benzene, (1- 94 9.717 22358108 0.38% methylpropyl)- 59 Benzene, 2-ethyl-1,4- 96 9.953 12841006 0.22% dimethyl- 60 Indan, 1-methyl- 94 10.139 77054914 1.32% 61 3-Undecene, (Z)- 95 10.263 47958700 0.82% 62 5-Undecene 59 10.389 28741380 0.49% 63 Undecane 96 10.445 38967290 0.67% 64 4-Undecene, (Z)- 94 10.568 72190090 1.23% 65 5-Undecene 89 10.75 54808188 0.94% 66 2,4-Dimethylstyrene 60 11.026 30197373 0.52% 67 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 94 11.288 50337423 0.86% 5-methyl- 68 1H-Indene, 3-methyl- 91 11.511 89306540 1.53% 69 2-(p-Tolyl)ethylamine 38 11.593 20485791 0.35% 70 Benzene, pentyl- 81 11.687 94724732 1.62% 71 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 96 11.77 56162735 0.96% tetrahydro- 72 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(2- 80 11.897 18292132 0.31% methylpropyl)- 73 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 97 12.166 14865916 0.25% 74 Naphthalene 93 12.255 42665025 0.73% 75 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 90 12.322 33278785 0.57% 1,6-dimethyl- 76 1-Dodecene 96 12.396 47888984 0.82% 77 2-Ethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H- 53 12.435 31480155 0.54% indene 78 Benzene, (3-methyl-2- 86 12.544 94681559 1.62% butenyl)- 79 Benzene, (2-methyl-1- 90 13.094 20630044 0.35% butenyl)- 80 3-Phenyl-3-pentene 83 13.266 17725495 0.30% 81 Naphthalene, 1-ethyl- 89 13.604 16446277 0.28% 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 82 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 96 13.706 19437914 0.33% 83 Benzene, hexyl- 76 13.796 23613936 0.40% 84 1H-Indene, 1,3-dimethyl- 94 13.821 25122512 0.43% 85 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 93 13.915 50513786 0.86% tetrahydro-6-methyl- 86 Naphthalene, 1,2- 95 14.015 15393886 0.26% dihydro-4-methyl- 87 Benzene, 2-ethenyl- 46 14.249 34584189 0.59% 1,3,5-trimethyl- 88 1-Tridecene 56 14.411 84657983 1.45% 89 Benzocycloheptatriene 83 14.505 35451136 0.61% 90 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 93 14.834 29267783 0.50% 91 Benzene, heptyl- 50 15.793 15779472 0.27% 92 Benzene, 1,4-bis(1- 93 16.043 27419450 0.47% methylethenyl)- 93 n-Decanoic acid 42 16.15 29735252 0.51% 94 1-Tetradecene 98 16.304 24921603 0.43% 95 Naphthalene, 1,5- 76 16.883 17826062 0.31% dimethyl- 96 Cyclopentene, 1-octyl- 47 17.45 15313892 0.26% 97 Benzene, octyl- 30 17.673 30098809 0.52% 98 Butanoic acid, 3-methyl- 38 17.957 28977127 0.50% 2-methylene-, methyl ester 99 1-Pentadecene 60 18.107 25791463 0.44% 100 Pentadecane 93 18.225 14389580 0.25% 101 n-Nonylcyclohexane 64 19.108 23569066 0.40% 102 4,8- 62 19.37 24950298 0.43% Dimethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane- 2,6-dione 103 E-1,9-Tetradecadiene 78 19.473 46078985 0.79% 104 1,9-Tetradecadiene 96 19.544 17251052 0.30% 105 1-Hexadecene 95 19.788 13996133 0.24% 106 Tridecanoic acid 90 21.039 10174022 0.17% 107 8-Phenyloctanoic acid 94 23.831 27431691 0.47% 108 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.521 261515664 4.47% 109 9-Octadecenoic acid, 99 27.94 622589039 10.65% (E)- 110 9-Octadecenoic acid, 99 28.002 243097110 4.16% (E)- 111 Octadecanoic acid 97 28.172 117891308 2.02%

TABLE A65 MS data obtained of the hexane extract obtained for the reaction of zirconia colloids with Camelina meal in supercritical water at 500 degrees C. % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 Toluene 93 3.378 18166639 4.69% 2 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene 87 4.716 1403272 0.36% 3 Cyclopentanone, 2-methyl- 94 4.748 3373938 0.87% 4 Ethylbenzene 91 5.165 5058742 1.31% 5 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene 55 5.832 1578027 0.41% 6 2-Octanone 52 8.124 692597 0.18% 7 Benzene, cyclopropyl- 81 9.043 4076165 1.05% 8 Indene 46 9.299 3305055 0.85% 9 Phenol, 3-methyl- 46 10.166 6393092 1.65% 10 Phenol, 4-methyl- 60 10.267 1725973 0.45% 11 2-Nonanone 42 10.35 3832873 0.99% 12 Benzyl methyl ketone 30 11.204 3394429 0.88% 13 Azulene, 1,2,3,3a- 70 11.324 3342740 0.86% tetrahydro- 14 Benzene, 1-butynyl- 46 11.545 5520301 1.43% 15 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene, 4- 25 11.72 5686192 1.47% methylene-1-(1- methylethyl)- 16 Phenol, 3-ethyl- 87 12.07 516959 0.13% 17 2-Decanone 83 12.486 5899681 1.52% 18 Dodecane 52 12.564 2567393 0.66% 19 p-Pentylacetophenone 62 13.678 3435502 0.89% 20 Phenol, 3-propyl- 43 13.968 3750725 0.97% 21 1-Tridecene 95 14.404 2426458 0.63% 22 2-Undecanone 60 14.502 2464628 0.64% 23 Indolizine 70 14.617 2642877 0.68% 24 Indole 81 14.67 2922913 0.76% 25 1H-Indole, 5-methyl- 90 16.316 20471983 5.29% 26 1H-Indole, 2-methyl- 49 16.405 6354665 1.64% 27 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 1- 58 17.326 2444648 0.63% methyl- 28 2,2′-Bithiophene 38 17.532 4453311 1.15% 29 Benzenamine, N-(1-methyl- 53 18.082 9820399 2.54% 2-propynyl)- 30 Pentadecane 97 18.213 7240047 1.87% 31 Imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine- 49 19.221 4509862 1.17% 4,7(5H,6H)-dione, 1- methyl- 32 Aniline, N-ethyl-3,5- 38 19.375 7257964 1.87% di(hydroxymethyl)- 33 1-Methylene- 25 19.542 4090080 1.06% spiro[4.5]decan-6-one 34 Cyclododecane 96 19.782 3723418 0.96% 35 2-Undecanone 43 19.905 5450217 1.41% 36 8-Heptadecene 86 21.144 5924096 1.53% 37 2-Methyl-Z-7-hexadecene 87 21.243 4977388 1.29% 38 Heptadecane 96 21.495 4838905 1.25% 39 Benzene, (1-methyldecyl)- 47 22.802 2413305 0.62% 40 (−)-E-Pinane 86 24.213 2435986 0.63% 41 2-Heptadecanone 94 24.511 22596773 5.84% 42 n-Hexadecanoic acid 98 25.389 26253361 6.78% 43 Octadecan-4-one 90 25.828 5247272 1.36% 44 (2-Acetyl-5-methyl- 49 26.913 15234645 3.93% cyclopentyl)-acetic acid 45 1,9-Tetradecadiene 74 26.999 19721147 5.09% 46 2-Nonadecanone 97 27.247 12150959 3.14% 47 3-Nitro-1-phenylpentan-1- 37 27.526 3648591 0.94% one 48 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 98 27.659 7039262 1.82% (Z,Z)- 49 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)- 98 27.727 26285155 6.79% 50 Oleic Acid 98 27.796 17137983 4.43% 51 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 91 28.04 7490161 1.93% (Z,Z)- 52 Benzenamine, N-[(2- 46 28.124 5822948 1.50% methoxyphenyl)methylene]- 4-nitro- 53 Cyclotetradecanone, 2- 43 28.449 2718304 0.70% methyl- 54 Z-9-Tetradecenal 70 29.441 8103657 2.09% 55 1-Cyclohexylnonene 56 29.525 10584867 2.73% 56 2-Nonadecanone 64 29.756 5314037 1.37% 57 Silicic acid, diethyl 43 37.946 2342439 0.61% bis(trimethylsilyl) ester

TABLE A66 MS data of obtained from the hexane extract of the reaction of zirconia colloids with algae powder in supercritical water at 500 degrees C. % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 Benzene, 1,3-bis(3- 87 3.219 16657096 0.72% phenoxyphenoxy)- 2 Benzene, 1,3-bis(3- 93 3.245 14176171 0.61% phenoxyphenoxy)- 3 Toluene 93 3.366 83179931 3.58% 4 Ethylbenzene 91 5.132 30272521 1.31% 5 p-Xylene 95 5.319 14473672 0.62% 6 Styrene 95 5.762 61561183 2.65% 7 1-Pentalenol, 46 7.033 10340085 0.45% 1,2,3,3a,4,6a- hexahydro- 8 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 94 7.779 6075290 0.26% methyl- 9 1-Decene 98 8.021 12254829 0.53% 10 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2- 89 8.077 22884155 0.99% methyl- 11 Octane, 1,1′-oxybis- 72 8.54 9919163 0.43% 12 Benzene, 1,2,3- 94 8.734 11651334 0.50% trimethyl- 13 Benzene, 1-propenyl- 94 8.87 8650812 0.37% 14 Tetracyclo[3.3.1.0(2,8).0 76 9.02 15774581 0.68% (4,6)]-non-2-ene 15 Benzene, 1-propynyl- 94 9.252 7329465 0.32% 16 Benzene, butyl- 53 9.499 5759437 0.25% 17 1H-Pyrrole, 1-butyl- 53 9.534 8502598 0.37% 18 Phenol, 4-methyl- 93 10.028 23194377 1.00% 19 Benzene, 2-butenyl- 70 10.153 20643235 0.89% 20 1-Undecene 97 10.259 16829659 0.73% 21 2-Nonanone 93 10.324 12881949 0.56% 22 1H-Pyrrole, 2-ethyl-3,5- 64 10.571 8012863 0.35% dimethyl- 23 Benzyl methyl ketone 42 11.157 11113051 0.48% 24 Benzene, 2-butenyl- 90 11.306 4332931 0.19% 25 2-Methylindene 91 11.52 20269310 0.87% 26 Phenol, 2,5-dimethyl- 64 11.617 7426143 0.32% 27 Benzene, (1-methyl-2- 64 11.696 20244957 0.87% cyclopropen-1-yl)- 28 Benzenemethanol, 2- 50 11.782 7796886 0.34% methyl- 29 Phenol, 2-ethyl- 87 11.978 36423606 1.57% 30 1H-Indene, 1,1-dimethyl- 90 12.173 9763053 0.42% 31 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- 64 12.324 10045272 0.43% 1,2-dimethyl- 32 1-Dodecene 95 12.391 19159795 0.83% 33 1H-Pyrrole, 2-ethyl- 70 12.466 40410342 1.74% 3,4,5-trimethyl- 34 .alpha.-Ethyl-O- 38 12.695 8255179 0.36% methoxybenzyl alcohol 35 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 42 13.133 8402605 0.36% 5,5-dimethyl-1-propyl- 36 Phenol, 2,4,6-trimethyl- 60 13.257 9482171 0.41% 37 Phenol, 2-ethyl-5- 70 13.458 7898204 0.34% methyl- 38 Isoquinoline 60 13.569 12405195 0.54% 39 Benzyl alcohol, 3- 38 13.662 7492110 0.32% ethylamino- 40 Ammonium, (p- 43 13.73 6966835 0.30% hydroxyphenyl)trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt 41 1-Cyclopentene, 1- 35 13.801 5697943 0.25% (methylencyclopropyl)- 42 Quinoline, 1,2,3,4- 52 13.873 12094525 0.52% tetrahydro- 43 Phenol, 2,3-dimethyl- 78 13.954 9286452 0.40% 44 Benzeneethanol, .alpha.- 15 14.355 4712740 0.20% methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)- 45 1-Tridecene 98 14.405 19059939 0.82% 46 6-Tridecene, 7-methyl- 83 14.47 23172692 1.00% 47 Indole 83 14.55 44733573 1.93% 48 3-Tetradecene, (E)- 46 14.69 15238393 0.66% 49 Naphthalene, 1-methyl- 76 14.857 10050553 0.43% 50 1H-Indole, 2,6-dimethyl- 64 15.509 5560935 0.24% 51 1-Octene, 3,7-dimethyl- 93 15.581 18258030 0.79% 52 Naphthalene, 1,2- 95 15.652 10421418 0.45% dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl- 53 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- 89 15.702 8223964 0.35% tetrahydro-1,5,7- trimethyl- 54 Benzene, 1-methoxy-2- 60 16.007 8265760 0.36% methyl- 55 Quinoline, 4-methyl- 94 16.173 21506774 0.93% 56 1H-Indole, 3-methyl- 91 16.306 172906809 7.45% 57 1H-Indole, 7-methyl- 55 16.397 23456655 1.01% 58 Naphthalene, 1,6- 93 16.965 9198846 0.40% dimethyl- 59 Cyclobutane, 1,2- 64 17.301 10092032 0.44% bis(1,3-butadienyl)- 60 Undecane 42 17.449 5442626 0.24% 61 .+/−.-trans-2- 27 17.855 17019104 0.73% Cyclohexene-1,4-diol 62 Benzenamine, N-methyl- 87 17.972 8482896 0.37% N-2-propynyl- 63 Benzonitrile, 2,4,6- 86 18.016 39699645 1.71% trimethyl- 64 1-Pentadecene 99 18.09 29871129 1.29% 65 1H-Indole, 2,3-dimethyl- 89 18.198 37828797 1.63% 66 Azulene, 4,6,8-trimethyl- 25 19.125 7020059 0.30% 67 1-Methoxy-5- 90 19.336 21739679 0.94% trimethylsilyloxy-3- phenylpentane 68 8-Quinolinol, 7-methyl- 46 19.459 16135919 0.70% 69 1H-Fluorene, 18 19.536 10314927 0.45% dodecahydro- 70 Z-8-Hexadecene 95 19.784 13474196 0.58% 71 2-Tetradecanone 55 19.894 14608330 0.63% 72 2-Naphthalenemethanol 30 20.545 11141506 0.48% 73 2,2-Dimethyl-5-phenyl- 25 21.157 16130339 0.70% 2H-pyrrole 74 1-Pentadecene 95 21.389 4588143 0.20% 75 2-Pentadecanone 81 21.51 23227777 1.00% 76 Cyclopropane, 1-methyl- 60 21.972 16794807 0.72% 2-pentyl- 77 Cyclohexane, 2-butyl- 60 22.143 18992650 0.82% 1,1,3-trimethyl- 78 2-Pentadecanone 64 22.494 9462045 0.41% 79 Dodecanoic acid 50 22.532 11444950 0.49% 80 9,9- 95 22.837 9368388 0.40% Dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1]nona- 2,4-dione 81 2-Hexadecanone 91 23.051 11976235 0.52% 82 1,4-Hexadiene, 2,3,4,5- 55 23.352 25528875 1.10% tetramethyl- 83 2-Hexadecene, 95 23.406 8444871 0.36% 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- 84 2-Hexadecene, 93 23.509 31729631 1.37% 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- 85 9-Octadecyne 62 23.601 24199665 1.04% 86 2-Hexadecene, 83 23.709 97785136 4.21% 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl- 87 1,1′-(1,1′- 59 24.043 30402202 1.31% Cyclopropylidenediethyl- idene)disemicarbazide 88 9-Undecenal, 2,10- 68 24.175 8318429 0.36% dimethyl- 89 Divinylbis(cyclopropyl)silane 38 24.229 47598281 2.05% 90 2-Heptadecanone 93 24.549 222283894 9.58% 91 Z-7-Hexadecenal 91 25.165 18645195 0.80% 92 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.496 159257577 6.86% 93 9H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indole, 93 25.777 8789954 0.38% 1-methyl- 94 3-Octadecanone 90 25.839 29557855 1.27% 95 9H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indole 64 25.913 12838361 0.55% 96 Z,Z-3,13-Octadecedien- 94 26.921 20292922 0.87% 1-ol 97 E-2-Methyl-3-tetradecen- 86 26.954 10373853 0.45% 1-ol acetate 98 Z,E-3,13-Octadecadien- 96 27.006 39272055 1.69% 1-ol 99 2-Nonadecanone 99 27.254 21978051 0.95% 100 Molybdenum, 25 27.531 13246092 0.57% dicarbonylbis(.eta.-4-3- methyl-3-buten-2-one) 101 Cyclohexane, 1-(1,5- 78 27.748 12443300 0.54% dimethylhexyl)-4-(4- methylpentyl)- 102 Dodecanamide 94 28.246 16129219 0.70% 103 3-Octadecene-1,2-diol 53 28.686 5824413 0.25%

TABLE A67 MS data obtained from the hexane extract of the reaction of zirconia colloids with yeast powder in supercritical water at 500 degrees C. % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 Heptane, 4-methyl- 93 3.385 2225018 0.27% 2 Toluene 93 3.435 3831237 0.47% 3 3-Hexanone 64 3.794 1071920 0.13% 4 Cyclopentanone 72 3.834 4705970 0.58% 5 1H-Pyrrole, 3-ethyl- 86 4.295 5513624 0.68% 6 2-Butenal, 2-ethyl- 41 4.689 1952942 0.24% 7 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene 95 4.73 4954165 0.61% 8 Cyclopentanone, 2- 76 4.752 9725224 1.19% methyl- 9 2-Hexenal, 2-methyl- 50 5.522 1792029 0.22% 10 Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5- 46 5.907 5871478 0.72% triene 11 Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5- 60 5.971 1304865 0.16% triene 12 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2- 90 6.306 3422564 0.42% methyl- 13 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone 83 6.802 2835273 0.35% 14 1-Butanamine, 2-methyl- 53 6.86 3483908 0.43% N-(2-methylbutylidene)- 15 Cyclohexanone, 2- 43 6.914 4693741 0.58% propyl- 16 Cyclohexanone, 2-(2- 72 7.41 3064810 0.38% bromo-4,4,4- trichlorobutyl)- 17 Benzenamine, N-ethyl- 43 7.751 2180135 0.27% 18 2-Ethylacrolein 50 8.08 15073862 1.85% 19 Hexadecane, 1-chloro- 52 8.255 3579453 0.44% 20 6-Methyl-3-heptyne 74 8.339 5021653 0.62% 21 Decane, 2,6,7-trimethyl- 43 8.444 2380176 0.29% 22 Octane, 3-ethyl- 50 8.539 3070411 0.38% 23 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 68 8.944 1409022 0.17% 2,3,4-trimethyl- 24 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1- 53 9.051 17616936 2.16% propyl- 25 Piperidine, 1,2-dimethyl- 58 9.273 6322235 0.78% 26 2-Methyl-2,3- 55 9.347 2953535 0.36% divinyloxirane 27 1-Methylcyclooctene 50 9.643 1780088 0.22% 28 9H-Fluoren-9-one, 3- 64 9.729 4207754 0.52% nitro-2,7-bis[2-(1- piperidinyl)ethoxy]- 29 Ethanone, 1-(2-methyl-1- 49 9.811 3961690 0.49% cyclopenten-1-yl)- 30 Acetophenone 87 9.956 4073870 0.50% 31 Acetophenone 50 10.014 3559662 0.44% 32 2-Butanone, 4-(1- 58 10.116 5171955 0.64% piperidinyl)- 33 Phenol, 3-methyl- 60 10.188 9592604 1.18% 34 Phenol, 4-methyl- 91 10.307 3473991 0.43% 35 Mequinol 38 10.36 7696548 0.95% 36 Phenol, 2-methyl- 38 10.484 4124668 0.51% 37 Cyclohexane, (1- 30 10.672 4122977 0.51% methylethylidene)- 38 (R)-(—)-14-Methyl-8- 38 10.79 4335741 0.53% hexadecyn-1-ol 39 Octanenitrile 45 10.925 2294023 0.28% 40 Benzyl methyl ketone 87 11.207 12864212 1.58% 41 Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl- 60 11.821 5357937 0.66% 42 Phenol, 4-ethyl- 90 12.127 2857929 0.35% 43 Phenol, 2-ethyl- 76 12.164 5535068 0.68% 44 1-Dodecene 89 12.44 1432442 0.18% 45 Dodecane 86 12.597 3158684 0.39% 46 1-Phenyl-2-butanone 62 13.32 2703753 0.33% 47 Decane, 5-propyl- 38 13.486 1180175 0.15% 48 p-Pentylacetophenone 81 13.692 6878782 0.84% 49 Tridecane 74 14.598 2145754 0.26% 50 Indole 76 14.695 8571205 1.05% 51 Indole 25 14.857 3654597 0.45% 52 Methylphenidate 38 14.934 6201998 0.76% 53 Ketone, methyl 2,2,3- 38 15.024 4801160 0.59% trimethylcyclopentyl 54 Spiro[5.5]undecane-1,7- 41 15.553 872325 0.11% dione 55 Geranyl benzoate 46 16.175 1590312 0.20% 56 Cyclododecane 70 16.325 5125614 0.63% 57 1H-Indole, 2-methyl- 90 16.386 11738127 1.44% 58 1H-Indole, 3-methyl- 83 16.464 8562390 1.05% 59 N-Phenethyl-2- 58 16.84 10224485 1.26% methylbutylideneami 60 Imidazole, 2-hydroxy-4- 27 17.009 5659752 0.70% methyl- 61 3-Ethyl-3-methylheptane 43 17.905 2294185 0.28% 62 1-Tridecene 97 18.115 2094998 0.26% 63 Benzenamine, N-methyl- 83 18.18 2245034 0.28% N-2-propynyl- 64 Benzonitrile, 2,4,6- 50 18.24 4182263 0.51% trimethyl- 65 5-(2- 35 18.442 4086230 0.50% Methoxybenzylidene)-3- piperidinomethyl-2,4- thiazolidinedione 66 Dodecanoic acid, 2- 74 18.715 2867032 0.35% methyl- 67 1-Tridecene 95 19.803 2101709 0.26% 68 2-Methyl-E-7- 25 21.271 1106469 0.14% hexadecene 69 3-Eicosene, (E)- 87 21.402 1958595 0.24% 70 2-Pentadecanone 76 21.56 4055668 0.50% 71 Methyl tetradecanoate 91 21.942 2836855 0.35% 72 4-Fluoro-1-methyl-5- 46 22.541 2307224 0.28% carboxylic acid, ethyl(ester) 73 Arsinous bromide, 50 22.679 4904102 0.60% diethyl- 74 2-Dodecanone 87 23.089 1955131 0.24% 75 1,9-Tetradecadiene 68 24.23 18232840 2.24% 76 1,13-Tetradecadiene 86 24.293 15622347 1.92% 77 2-Heptadecanone 94 24.521 29437065 3.61% 78 Pentadecanoic acid, 14- 97 24.862 7555192 0.93% methyl-, methyl ester 79 Hexadecenoic acid, Z- 99 25.162 45090830 5.54% 11- 80 Cyclohexadecane 80 25.326 3330278 0.41% 81 n-Hexadecanoic acid 98 25.417 28729351 3.53% 82 n-Hexadecanoic acid 93 25.499 4120784 0.51% 83 8-Decen-1-ol, 5,9- 62 25.555 6846923 0.84% dimethyl- 84 Ethyl tridecanoate 46 25.785 2879509 0.35% 85 3-Octadecanone 96 25.842 5527146 0.68% 86 Methyl n-hexadecyl 89 25.927 2195843 0.27% ketone 87 Z-7-Tetradecen-1-ol 90 26.922 15532660 1.91% acetate 88 7- 55 27.012 20848179 2.56% Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 1,5-dimethyl- 89 9,12-Octadecadienoic 99 27.125 6938341 0.85% acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester 90 7-Octadecenoic acid, 99 27.2 10229319 1.26% methyl ester 91 2-Nonadecanone 99 27.257 23331093 2.86% 92 Heptadecanoic acid, 16- 95 27.54 5310963 0.65% methyl-, methyl ester 93 9-Octadecenoic acid, 95 27.736 9885459 1.21% (E)- 94 Cyclotetradecane 64 27.803 9274876 1.14% 95 Hexadecenoic acid, Z- 90 28.04 12205983 1.50% 11- 96 2-Methyl-E-7- 56 28.128 6342086 0.78% hexadecene 97 2-Methyl-Z-4- 89 28.212 4605725 0.57% tetradecene 98 Hexadecanamide 93 28.288 4424773 0.54% 99 3-Hexadecanone 55 28.454 7959801 0.98% 100 Hexanal, O-methyloxime 35 28.721 4564212 0.56% 101 9,10-Anthracenedione, 58 28.854 2375241 0.29% 2-methyl- 102 Naphthalene, 2- 49 29.534 322582 0.04% (phenylmethyl)- 103 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- 58 30.464 2740359 0.34% 104 1-Methyl-1-n-butyl-1- 53 30.826 6059931 0.74% silacyclobutane 105 Cyclotetradecanone 38 31.159 1900223 0.23% oxime 106 1-Heptadecene 91 31.868 2099459 0.26% 107 1,2,3-Triphenyl-3- 35 32.778 2794332 0.34% methyl-cyclopropene 108 7-Diethylamino-3-[5-(4- 46 32.996 2502112 0.31% fluorophenyl)-2- oxazolyl]coumarin 109 t-Butyldiphenyl(prop-2- 22 33.908 2089068 0.26% ynyloxy)silane 110 1-Benzazirene-1- 38 34.58 1870706 0.23% carboxylic acid, 2,2,5a- trimethyl-1a-[3-oxo-1- butenyl] perhydro-, methyl ester 111 Silicic acid, diethyl 47 34.647 1811953 0.22% bis(trimethylsilyl) ester 112 1,3- 27 34.745 3185223 0.39% Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene 113 2-Pentacosanone 50 35.236 2964850 0.36% 114 6-(2-Formylhydrazino)- 42 35.75 18591779 2.28% N,N′-bis(isopropyl)-1,3,5- triazine-2,4-diamine 115 Cholesta-5,20,24-trien-3- 20 35.903 8858924 1.09% ol, acetate, (3.beta.)- 116 Coprostan-3,5,24-trien 49 35.952 12175693 1.49% 117 3-(4- 38 36.01 10110816 1.24% Hydroxybenzylideneamino)- 7-chloro-10-methyl- phenothiazine 118 p-Pentyloxybenzylidene 25 36.072 13895337 1.71% p-hexylaniline 119 Indole-2-one, 2,3- 15 36.239 5980933 0.73% dihydro-N-hydroxy-4- methoxy-3,3-dimethyl- 120 Phenol, 4-fluoro-, 38 36.335 4852853 0.60% phosphite (3:1) 121 cis-3,4,5-Trimethoxy-b- 38 36.498 7003166 0.86% methyl-b-nitrostyrene 122 2-Methyl-7-phenylindole 38 36.564 4475593 0.55% 123 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1- 35 36.773 2992175 0.37% one, 3,5-bis- trimethylsilyl- 124 6-(2-Formylhydrazino)- 90 36.85 11196554 1.37% N,N′-bis(isopropyl)-1,3,5- triazine-2,4-diamine 125 2-Methyl-7-phenylindole 25 36.91 4045224 0.50% 126 1H-Indole, 1-methyl-2- 38 36.988 2829398 0.35% phenyl- 127 1,10-Secoergosta- 38 37.12 11217065 1.38% 5,7,9,22-tetraen-3-ol, acetate, (24.xi.)- 128 3,3-Diisopropoxy- 38 37.214 3426464 0.42% 1,1,1,5,5,5- hexamethyltrisiloxane 129 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8- 38 37.272 5043491 0.62% Octahydrotriphenylene 130 Dibenzylidene 4,4′- 18 37.606 7044078 0.87% biphenylenediamine 131 4-O- 74 37.836 3592974 0.44% Methoxyphenylhydrazono- 3-methyl-2-pyrazolin- 5-one 132 Anthiaergosta-5,7,9,22- 30 38.151 3379568 0.42% tetraene 133 2-Ethylacridine 60 39.023 1703816 0.21%

TABLE A68 Conditions for the reaction of algae powder or soybean oil with various catalysts and supercritical water. Actual Reactor Particle Size, Preheater Inlet Exp. Reactor Pore size, Temp. Temp. Back Pressure No. Oil Type Type Surface Area (° C.) (T1) (° C.), T2 (PSI) 785 17.3% Algae Open 7% ZrO2 450 450 3100 Powder in tubular colloids in water water 786 17.3% Algae Open 7% ZrO2 500 490 3100 Powder in tubular colloids in water water 787 Soybean Oil Fixed Bed ZrO2 10 um/ 600 595 3600 300 A/30 m{circumflex over ( )}2/g 788 Soybean Oil Open 0.3% MgCO3 in 450 500 3100 tubular H2O 789 Soybean Oil Fixed Bed Nb2O5, 325 500 493 3500 mesh 790 Soybean Oil Open 5% <5 um 470 503 3100 tubular Fe2O3 in soy bean oil 791 Soybean Oil Fixed Bed CoO2 325 mesh 497 496 3500 792 Soybean Oil Open 5% <50 nm CuO 481 499 3100 tubular in soybean oil 793 Soybean Oil Fixed Bed 50% ZrO2 10 μm 500 505 3500 300 A, 50% TiO2, 110 μm 60 Å, 7 g 794 Soybean Oil Open 5% <5 um ZnO 482 499 3100 tubular in soybean oil 795 Soybean Oil Open 5% K2HPO4 in 410 493 3100 tubular H2O 796 Soybean Oil Open 2.5% <50 nm 500 500 3100 tubular Y2O3 in soybean oil

TABLE A69 Data collected for sample conditions given in Table A61. Actual Actual Oil Water Flow Flow rate Total Flow Exp. No. (min/min) (min/Min) Rate (ml/min) 785 3.0 3.0 6.0 786 3.0 3.0 6.0 787 5.6 2.0 7.0 788 4.8 1.7 6.5 789 2.7 0.5 3.2 790 4.8 1.7 6.5 791 1.35 0.25 1.60 792 4.8 1.7 6.5 793 5.6 2.0 7.0 794 4.8 1.7 6.5 795 4.8 1.7 6.5 796 4.8 1.7 6.5

TABLE A70 GC-MS product profile for the biofuel obtained from the reaction of soybean oil with supercritical water over CoO₂ catalyst using a fixed bed reactor at 500° C. % of Peak # Peak Name % Probability RT Area Total 1 1-Hexene 95 1.634 25259211 0.49% 2 Benzene 91 2.08 15680444 0.30% 3 1-Heptene 96 2.314 14948289 0.29% 4 Heptane 91 2.398 13648475 0.26% 5 Toluene 93 3.314 42488756 0.82% 6 1-Octene 96 3.698 14886200 0.29% 7 Octane 91 3.847 18008641 0.35% 8 Ethylbenzene 90 5.094 13555477 0.26% 9 1-Nonene 97 5.712 13464318 0.26% 10 Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- 97 5.756 14011344 0.27% 11 Nonane 94 5.895 25370745 0.49% 12 Benzene, propyl- 90 7.125 11284168 0.22% 13 1-Decene 97 7.97 12482132 0.24% 14 Decane 95 8.16 20214592 0.39% 15 Benzene, butyl- 90 9.442 19710538 0.38% 16 3-Undecene, (Z)- 95 10.21 15903762 0.31% 17 Undecane 96 10.391 21256257 0.41% 18 2,3-Pentadiene, 2,4- 43 10.477 4152348 0.08% dimethyl- 19 1,5-Cyclooctadiene, 1,5- 46 10.525 6978161 0.13% dimethyl- 20 1,4-Undecadiene, (E)- 59 10.962 11958143 0.23% 21 Tricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]heptane 64 11.456 12862375 0.25% 22 Benzene, pentyl- 93 11.638 66100060 1.27% 23 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(2- 91 11.853 16420713 0.32% methylpropyl)- 24 1-Dodecene 95 12.342 44006457 0.85% 25 Dodecane 90 12.508 46999949 0.90% 26 Benzene, hexyl- 90 13.747 18585850 0.36% 27 1-Tridecene 99 14.35 12211056 0.24% 28 Tridecane 98 14.506 20334764 0.39% 29 Benzene, heptyl- 95 16.013 26080760 0.50% 30 1,14-Tetradecanediol 49 16.245 27038691 0.52% 31 1-Tetradecene 98 16.387 20180808 0.39% 32 Tetradecane 98 17.723 22463493 0.43% 33 Undecylenic Acid 98 17.916 9884962 0.19% 34 E-9-Tetradecenal 55 18.03 8511443 0.16% 35 1-Pentadecene 98 18.17 50115408 0.96% 36 Pentadecane 98 19.406 29442251 0.57% 37 1,11-Dodecadiene 94 19.463 19532241 0.38% 38 1,15-Hexadecadiene 78 19.723 13470042 0.26% 39 1-Hexadecene 95 19.843 17945636 0.35% 40 Hexadecane 98 20.956 30801629 0.59% 41 Dispiro[4.2.4.2]tetradecane 58 21.459 92775039 1.78% 42 Heptadecane 98 23.843 24046787 0.46% 43 8-Phenyloctanoic acid 94 25.636 544529244 10.47% 44 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 25.671 140397759 2.70% 45 n-Hexadecanoic acid 99 27.14 16080758 0.31% 46 6,9,12-Octadecatrien-1- 76 27.291 43731187 0.84% ol 47 3- 91 27.429 16364376 0.32% Oxatricyclo[4.4.0.0(2,5)] dec-7-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 4-oxo-5-phenyl-, methyl ester 48 Hepta-4,6-dienoic acid, 70 28.036 872656322 16.77% ethyl ester 49 9,12-Octadecadienoic 98 28.138 603592601 11.60% acid (Z,Z)- 50 9,12-Octadecadienoic 96 28.173 195752424 3.76% acid (Z,Z)- 51 9,12-Octadecadienoic 97 28.239 549145929 10.56% acid (Z,Z)- 52 9,12-Octadecadienoic 96 28.282 946569543 18.19% acid (Z,Z)- 53 9,12-Octadecadienoic 99 28.447 261535725 5.03% acid (Z,Z)- 54 Octadecanoic acid 98 29.073 20449688 0.39% 55 Z,Z-10,12- 55 31.13 26790999 0.52% Hexadecadien-1-ol acetate 

1. A process for creating a hydrocarbon product stream comprising: reacting components of a reaction mixture in the presence of a catalyst to form a product mixture, the reaction mixture comprising a carbon source and water, wherein the reaction takes place inside a reaction vessel; wherein the temperature inside the reaction vessel is between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius and the pressure inside the reaction vessel is above supercritical pressure for water; wherein the catalyst comprises a metal oxide.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture includes at least about 50% water by mass. 3-6. (canceled)
 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel is part of an extrusion system.
 8. (canceled)
 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is mixed with one or more components of the reaction mixture and then passed into the reaction vessel.
 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a metal oxide that is stable at temperatures above 450 degrees Celsius in the presence of supercritical water.
 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of zirconia, titania, and hafnia.
 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of zirconia, titania, hafnia, yttria, tungsten (VI) oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, nickel, carbon, carbon/nickel, and carbon/platinum.
 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises zirconia.
 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst consists essentially of zirconia. 15-17. (canceled)
 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is in colloidal form. 19-20. (canceled)
 21. The process of claim 1, wherein the contact time is less than sixty seconds.
 22. The process of claim 1, wherein the product mixture includes substantially no free fatty acids.
 23. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature inside the reaction vessel is between 500 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius.
 24. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature inside the reaction vessel is between 500 degrees Celsius and 550 degrees Celsius. 25-26. (canceled)
 27. The process of claim 1, wherein the pressure inside the reaction vessel is greater than about 3500 psi. 28-29. (canceled)
 30. The process of claim 1, wherein the product mixture includes at least about 1-40% ketones.
 31. The process of claim 1, wherein the product mixture comprises at least about 20% aromatics (by chromatographic peak normalization method).
 32. The process of claim 1, wherein the product mixture comprises at least about 30% aromatics.
 33. The process of claim 1, wherein the product mixture meets ASTM D4814.
 34. The process of claim 1, the product mixture comprising a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics.
 35. (canceled)
 36. An extrusion reactor system for creating a hydrocarbon product stream comprising: an extrusion reactor housing comprising an input port and an output port; an extrusion screw disposed within the extrusion reactor housing; a temperature control system configured to maintain the temperature inside the extrusion reactor housing between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius; and wherein the pressure inside the reaction vessel is above supercritical pressure for water.
 37. The reactor system of claim 36, further comprising a catalyst configured to be present in the extrusion reactor housing during operation.
 38. The reactor system of claim 37, wherein the catalyst comprises a metal oxide that is stable at temperatures above 450 degrees Celsius in the presence of supercritical water.
 39. The reactor system of claim 37, wherein the catalyst comprises a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of zirconia, titania, and hafnia.
 40. The reactor system of claim 37, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of zirconia, titania, hafnia, yttria, tungsten (VI) oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, nickel, carbon, carbon/nickel, and carbon/platinum.
 41. The reactor system of claim 37, wherein the catalyst comprises zirconia.
 42. The reactor system of claim 37, wherein the catalyst consists essentially of zirconia.
 43. The reactor system of claim 37, wherein the catalyst consists essentially of a material that is substantially stable above 550 degrees Celsius in a supercritical water environment. 44-47. (canceled)
 48. A reactor system for creating a hydrocarbon product stream comprising: a reactor housing comprising an input port and an output port; a temperature control system configured to maintain the temperature inside the reactor housing between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius; and wherein the pressure inside the reaction housing is above supercritical pressure for water. 49-61. (canceled) 